1- الجملة البسيطة The simple sentence
2- الجملة المركبة The compound sentence
3- الجملة المعقدة The complex sentence
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE:-
تتكون من فاعل + فعل أساسي واحد + مفعول به
Two Simple sentences
1- The soldiers are on the front lines.
2- They protect our lines.
One combined sentence.
* The soldiers on the front lines
Protect our lines.
عبارة وصفية (adjectival phrase )
1- He had finished his composition.
2- He revised it * Having finished his
composition he revised it.
تعبير من اسم الفاعل (participial phrase)
1- Mancy wrote his composition.
2 – No one helped him. * He wrote his composition
Without help from any one.
( preposition )
1- He went to Atreeb.
2- He wished to visit Mr. Akmal. * He went to Atreeb to visit
Mr. Akmal.
( the infinitive)
1- Desokey was weak.
2- He could not walk. * Desokey was too weak
To walk. (the infinitive )
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE
تتكون من جملتين بسيطتين مربوطتين بأداة ربط معينة مثل :-
and / and so / and nor / both … and …/ neither … nor…/
..not only ….but also…/ not only……but ……as well / as well as/
*but / yet / however/ nevertheless /
*thus / so / therefore / hence / consequently /
*either ……. Or ….. / …. Or ….. / …….. otherwise …….. /
*who / whom / which / that / whose / as / but
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM” TO SEE THE USE OF EACH WARD)
As well as :
Both and , not only …………. But تستخدم مثل
- I’m interested in music
- My brother is interested in music
- I, as well as my brother, am interested in music.
But – yet – however – nevertheless :
أدوات ربط جملتين بسيطتين متناقضتين ( contrast )
- He is rather old . - His wife is young
* He is rather old but ( yet – however ) his wife is young.
- He is blind. - He could find his way.
* He was blind however ( but – nevertheless ) he could find his way
Thus – so – therefore – hence – consequently :
أدوات ربط جملتين والجملة الثنية تكون نتيجةr esalt للجملة الثانية وأي أداة تحل محل الأخرى
- Shaimaa was sick. -She went to the doctor.
* Shaimaa was sick consequently ( hence ) she went to the doctor.
Either ……… or - or ………. Otherwise الاختيار - You must study hard . -You will not get high marks.
- You must study hard Otherwise ( or ) you will not get high marks.
أما إذا كان الفاعلين مختلفين فإن الفعل يتبع الفاعل الثاني :
Either I or he is to blame.
Who – whom – which ( that ) – whose – as – but :
(LOOK AT THE BOOKLET “ SPECTRUM”)
This is not such a good result as I hoped.
This is not plant but requires water.
The complex sentence : الجملة المعقدة
تتكون الجملة المعقدة من :-
1 – جملة رئيسية principal clause وهذه تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
2 – جملة فرعية أو أكثرsubordinate clause وهذه لا يمكن أن تؤدي معنى كامل بمفردها
He missed the train , because he didn’t hurry.
تنقسم الجملة المعقدة إلى ثلاث أجزاء :
1 – الجملة الاسمية ( التي تؤدي عمل الاسم ) Noun clause
2 – الجملة الوصفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الصفة ) Adjective clause
الأسماء الموصولة + v . to be أو أي فعل مناسب + الصفة
The man who is wise can solve his problems.
The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems.
People who are living in Alexandria enjoy the sea.
3 – الجملة الظرفية ( التي تؤدي عمل الظرف ) adverbial clause وهي لها أنواع عديدة تختلف باختلاف أدوات الربط التابعة لها .
A : Clause of Purpose :
clause phrase
That to
so that may in order to + inf
in the hope that + s . + might + inf so as to
in order that
for
with the aim of + noun
with the intention of
* He studies hard so that he may succeed.
- He studies hard in order to succeed.
- He studies hard with the aim of succeed.
* They went to Benha in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha so as to enjoy the fresh air.
- They went to Benha for enjoying the fresh air.
clause phrase
Least
For fear that + s. + should + inf. So as not to + inf.
For fear of + noun
* Ismail got up early for fear that he should miss the train.
- Ismail got up early so as not to miss the train.
- Ismail got up early for fear of missing the train.
B: Clause of result:
clause phrase
So + adj./adv. + that الصفة + enough for + الفاعل الثاني +to + inf
Such + + that Too + adj. + to + inf.
* Dalia was so clever that she passed the examination
* Dalia was such clever girl that she passed the examination
* Dalia had such cleverness that she passed the examination.
* So clever was she that she passed the examination.
* Such a clever girl was she that she passed the examination.
- Dalia was clever enough to pass the examination.
* We were so impatient that we couldn’t wait any longer.
- We were too impatient to wait any longer.
* Some people are so short sighted that they can not appreciate matters.
- Some people are too short sighted to appreciate matters.
* Our soldiers were so brave that they distorted the enemy.
- Our soldiers were brave enough to distorted the enemy.
C. Clause of cause .
clause phrase
Because – for – since – as because of / owing to / on account of / for
/ as result of / due to / thanks to
/being + adj. / for lack of. + noun
* Eman stayed in bed as she was ill .
- Eman stayed in bed as a result of her illness .
- Being ill Eman stayed in bed .
*He could over come his difficulties (since/because/as) he was intelligent .
- Thanks to his intelligence , he could over come his difficulties .
* He couldn’t marry because he hadn’t enough money .
- For lack of money he couldn’t marry .
D. Clause of contrast .
Clause phrase
Although /though /even though in spite of
Even if /however /whatever /as despite
for all + noun
Not with standing
Regard less of
* Although / though / he was poor he was happy
* Even though he was poor he was happy .
* Poor though he was , he was happy .
- In spite of his poverty he was happy .
استعمالهم واحد even though / if though / although
* What ever the results may be he will travel to Italy .
- Regardless of the results , he will travel to Italy .
ولكن يأتى بعدها إسم although بدلا من what ever يمكن استعمال
* He can climb the tree however high it is .
- He can climb the tree not with standing its highness .
ولكن يجب أن تأتي بعدها صفة although بدلا من however ** يمكن استعمال
* Clever as he was ,Ahmed could not answer.
* Although he was clever, Ahmed could not answer.
- Despite / for all his cleverness, Ahmed could not answer.
• إذا جاءت as بعد صفة فإنها تعني although
E: Clause of time:
Clause
While – when (as) – till – until-
since – after- before – as soon as-
no sooner……than……
hardly………when…..
scarcely…….when….. phrase
During/ on
Till / since/ after/ + noun
Immediately on + noun
Immediately after
* While (as) Mona was studying her lessons, the light went out
- Studying her lessons, the light went out.
- During her studying , the light went out.
* When ( as ) the enemy saw our brave soldiers, he ran away.
- On seeing our brave soldier, the enemy ran away.
* She waited for me till ( until ) I returned.
- She waited for me till my return.
* I haven’t seen her since she departed.
- I haven’t seen her since she departing ( departure).
* After I had finished my work, I went home.
- After finishing my work, I went home
- Having finished my work, I went home.
* I had no sooner reached the station than the train left.
- No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.
- Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.
F. CLAUSE OF CONDITION
Clause Phrase
Were, had should, If, If not, In case of , With, by + noun
Unless, should not , were not, had not But for, without + noun
* If he succeeded , he would join in university.
* Were he to succeed, he would join the university.
- In case of his success, he would join the university.
- In case of his succeeding, he would join the university.
* If I had not helped him, he would have died.
* Unless I had helped him, he would have died.
- But for my help, he would have died.
- Without my help, he would have died.
G. CLAUSE OF MANNER
clause phrase
As كما According to
In accordance with + noun
As if – as though كما لو كان Like + n./ in + adj. + way
• They answered as I instructed them.
- They answered in accordance with my instructions.
• He did it just as his father ordered him.
- He did it according to his father order.
• He walks proudly as if he were a king.
• He walks proudly like a king.
- He walks proudly in a kingly way.
H. CLAUSE OF COMPARISON
Clause Phrase
( as- as ) equal in + n.
( not so – as ) [ not ]
( than ) equally + adj.
* She is as short as her mother.
- They are equal in shortness.
- They are equally short.
* Faten is not so clever as Mai is.
- They are not equal in cleverness.
- They are not equally clever.
* I’m stronger than he is.
- We are not equal in strength.
- We are not equally strong.
NOUN CLAUSES
من الممكن تحويل الاسم إلى جملة اسمية باستعمال أدوات الربط الآتية:-
What - Where – Who – Why – How- That – When – How many - How much – How wide…. etc……
* What she said made me angry.
- Her words ( speech ) made me angry.
* That she failed, was unexpected.
- Her failure, was unexpected.
* Tell me where you live.
- Tell me your address.
* I know who wrote this book.
- I know the writer of this book.
* No one knows why he travelled.
- No one knows the reason of his travel.
* He told me when he arrived.
- He told me the time of his arrival.
* The woman doesn’t know how many children she got.
- The woman doesn’t know the number of her children.
* Ola knows how she makes Mahshi.
- Ola knows how to make Mahshi.
- Ola knows the way of making Mahshi.
* We hope that he succeed.
- We hope for his success.
* Do you know how wide our school is?
- Do you know the width of our school?
* Ask the worker how deep the well is.
-Ask the worker the depth of the well.
* Do you know how much this house costs?
- Do you know the cost of this house?
Join the following sentences together so as to make complex sentences, containing time clauses:
1- He returned home. He has not got out.
2- He reached the top of the mountain. He fell down.
3- I shall wait for you. You return.
4- He was running quickly. He fell down.
5- He fell down. They caught him.
6- We started running. We returned.
7- Napoleon had invaded some countries. He was beaten.
8- We were flying at full speed. The aeroplane landed suddenly.
9- He started walking. He fell down dead.
10- He went away. He has not sent me a letter.
Change into simple sentences.
1- I was happy when I heard the news of my success.
2- While I was walking along the street, I met him.
3- After he had done his homework, he went out.
4- Think carefully before you give your decision.
5- I’ll wait for your till / until you arrive.
6- I’ve not seen him since he visited me last month.
7- I remembered him as soon as I met him.
8- No sooner had he entered the class than he left it .
9- Hardly had the plane taken off when it landed .
Do as shown in brackets :
1- He talked so much that he annoyed me .
2- He spoke very politely . Everyone praised him.
3- He is such a careless boy ………. .
4- Such a clever boy ( he was – was he – had he ) that he got full marks .
5- He is such a foolish pupil that he is always a failure .
6- He spoke very clearly . Everyone listened to him.
7- He spent so much money ………. .
8- He was very brave . He never yielded .
9- He was such a brave leader that He never yielded.
10- The question is………difficult that I never cannot answer it.
11- He was such a clever boy that he has got full marks.
12- So quickly (did the train move – the train moved – moved the train) that he could not catch it.
13- He ran so quickly that he caught the train.
14- He was to lazy to succeed.
15- The lesson was so easy that we could understand it. ( Begin with : So)
( Join using : so ……. that)
( complete )
(Choose the correct answer )
( Begin with : such )
(Join using: so… that)
(complete )
(Join using: So … that)
( Begin with : Such )
( Fill in the space )
(Change into a simple sentence)
(Choose the correct answer)
(use : enough to)
( use : so …… that)
Do as required in brackets :
1. Despite her beauty , no one proposed to her .
(Change into a simple sentence )
2. He failed in spite of his cleverness . ( Use : although )
3. Generous as he was , no one loved him . ( Use : although )
4. Regardless of his stupidity , he succeeded . ( Use : although )
5. ( Although – despite – regardless of ) he was rich , he was unhappy .
( Choose the correct word )
6. Poor as he is , he is proud . ( Simple sentence )
7. Regardless of his wealth , he asked me to lend him a pound .
( Use : although )
8. In spite of his innocence, he was punished. (use : although )
9. However unlucky she was, she felt happy.
(change into a complex sentence )
Choose the correct words in brackets :
1. He could not come ( until – while – because ) he was busy .
2. He was able to pass his exams ( until – before – since ) his teacher helped him .
3. The teacher punished him ( when – as soon as – since ) he was careless .
4. He could climb the hill ( thus – then – as ) he is strong and healthy .
5. ( Hardly – as soon as – as ) you are tired , you had better rest .
6. he could bend the iron bar ( since – as a result – till ) he was strong .
7. ( Because – till – as soon as ) he is dishonest , he did not repay the money he borrowed , from me .
Change into the complex sentences into simple sentences or vice-versa :
1. He succeeded because he was clever .
2. He did not go to school since he was ill .
3. He was loved owing to his politeness .
4. I cannot believe him because he tells lies .
5. He ran quickly as he was late .
6. I am going to bed because of feeling tired .
7. He failed in the exam owing to his carelessness .
8. He came late as he missed the train .
9. He took his umbrella because it was raining .
10. He can’t go to school owing to his illness .
Change into simple sentences.
1- She spoke as if she were afraid.
2- She looked at me as though she wished to frighten me. يرعبني
3- He did it as ( just as ) I ordered him.
4- He ran as if he was running for his life.
5- He talks as if he knew every thing.
6- He walked as though he were a peacock.
7- She ran as quickly as it she were a deer.
8- The house seems as if it were a palace.
Change the following clauses into phrases and vice-versa.
1- She is of my intelligence.
2- She is the shorter of us.
3- We are equal in strength.
4- They are equal in courage.
5- She is of her sister’s beauty.
6- I am as poor as he (is).
7- He is poorer than I (am).
8- She is not so charming as her sister (is).
9- We are of the same beauty.
10 - She is not of our wealth.
Change the simple sentences into complex sentences and vice-versa:
1- I met Aly while I was walking on the bridge.
2- He met me where the street begins.
3- She acted as I had advised her.
4- He fought bravely as if he were a lion.
5- He did not go to school since he was tired.
6- We worked hard last year in order that we might succeed.
7- He studies hard lest he should fail.
8- The pupil worked so hard that he succeeded.
9- She was such a charming girl that she turned his head.
10- Although she was beautiful no one proposed to her.
11- In case of success, I’ll go abroad.
12- Unless he came early , he would be punched.
13- I should have helped him if he had told me.
14- Had he taken my advice, he would have worked hard.
15- He was such a lazy boy that he could not succeed.
16- He ran quickly for fear that he should miss the train.
17- We were all present when he came.
18- As soon as the thief saw the policeman , he ran away.
19- Unless he works hard, he will fall.
20- If the Nile did not flow through Egypt, it would be a desert.
21- The sun is so hot that no one can exist on it.
22- As soon as I saw him, I told him what had happened.
23- Whatever faults he may have, miserliness is not one of them.
24- Although the children come from poor home, they are quite well behaved.
25- He ran quickly enough to catch me.
26- In case of illness, I go to doctor.
27- When he died, his children wept much.
28- If it had not been for my help, he would have been drowned.
29- But for his help, I would have droned.
30- In case of illness, I go to a doctor.
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CONTENTS
Subject Page
Words order in simple statement
TENSES
Simple tenses
Continuous tenses
Perfect tenses
Perfect continuous tenses
Conjugation of common irregular verbs
RULES
General exercises on tenses
How to make a question
Negation
Comparison of adjectives
Conditional statement (IF)
Active and passive voice
Causative (HAVE)
Direct & Indirect (Reported Speech)
1- statement
2- question
3- command & request
4- exclamation
Prepositions
Kinds of sentences
1- simple sentences
2- compound sentences
3- complex sentences
Clause & Phrase
A- clause of purpose
B- clause of result
C- clause of cause
D- clause of contrast
E- clause of time
F- clause of condition
G- clause of manner
H- clause of comparison
Noun Clause
