Negation النفي
1) الأفعال المساعدة (am , is , are , was , were) to Be/
(have , has , had) to Have
الأفعال الناقصة shall, should, will, would, can, could, may , might, must
تنفي هذه الأفعال بوضع not بعدها
I have a car I have not a car.
2) الأفعال الأساسية to Do , main verbs.
1) إذا كان الفعل مضارع ينفى بوضع don’t قبله
2) إذا كان الفعل مضارع به s ينفى بوضع doesn’t قبله مع حذف s
3) إذا كان الفعل ماضي ينفى بوضع didn’t قبله مع رجوع الفعل لأصله
* She bought meat . She didn’t buy meat.
usually – sometimes – often – always – rarely – never 4)
تنفى هذه الكلمات بوضع never مكانها
* He usually eats beans in the morning.
He never eats beans in the morning.
some one- some thing – some body – some where 5)
تنفى some بوضع any بدلا منها مع نفي الفعل
أو تنفى بوضع no بدلا منها مع ثبات الفعل
* She gave her mother something.
She didn’t give her mother any thing.
She gave her mother nothing.
6) used to تنفى بـ used not to - didn’t use to
* He used to drink tea at 5:00.
He used not to drink tea at 5:00.
He didn’t use to drink tea at 5:00.
7) Both………and – either ……or
تنفى بـ Neither ………nor
لاحظ الجمع * Both Ali and I are teachers.
Neither Ali nor I is a teacher.
and so تنفى بـ and nor مع نفي الفعل
* She is divorced مطلقة and so is her sister.
She isn’t divorced and nor is her sister.
مع نفى الفعل . Yet تنفى بـ Already – just
* They have already started the race .
-They haven’t started the race yet .
* She has just finished cooking .
-She has not finished cooking yet .
not as …….as عند النفي as …….as 9)
not so …………..as أو
* He is as clever as his friend .
-He is not as clever as his friend .
-He is not so clever as his friend .
مع نفى الفعل either تنفى بـtoo أو also*10)
go to the theater too .
- They will not go to the theater either.
Change the following sentences into negative :
1- The sick child needs a doctor.
2- Horses sleep in stables at night.
3- There is some butter in the disk.
4- All the boys were ready to begin the lesson
5- Give me some meat, please.
6- There is salt in my soup.
7- She tells lies.
8- I need help.
9- They talk to somebody during the lesson.
10-I eat something between meals.
11-Mary plays either the violin or the piano.
12-She can cook very well.
13-The answer is either right or wrong.
14-Both Aly and his brother are careless.
15-Both of the boys speak good English.
16-i have always seen such a beautiful picture.
17-We have always finished our exercises so quickly.
18-The team always plays better than when you conduct it.
19-If you go to Alexandria, so shall I.
20-Every girl played music.
21-We always fulfil our promise.
22-He bought some books.
23-Everyone felt happy.
24-He sold me some pencils.
25-We have sugar.
Comparison of Adjectives مقارنة الصفات
* الصفة تصف الاسم وتأتى قبله
* من الممكن أن تأتى بعد v. to be كخبر *He is poor
* من الممكن أن تأتى الصفة بعد become - go
- They become rich . - The milk went bad .
- They are clever . الصفة لا تجمع
الصفة ذات المقطع الواحد
- He is a short man . عندما نصف شخص أو شيء
* عند المقارنة بين اثنين تكون القاعدة هي إضافة er للصفة + than
Ahmed is shorter than Mohammed.
* إذا انتهت الصفة بحرف Y مسبوقة بحرف ساكن تصبح ier
* Marwa is happier than Mona.
* إذا انتهت الصفة بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف متحرك تضعف الحرف الساكن
* Aswan is hotter than Cairo.
* عندما تكون الصفة بنفس القدر عند المقارنة تستخدم
as + adj. + as
Amal is as beautiful as the moon.
* عند المقارنة بين أكثر من اثنين تكون القاعدة هي إضافة est إلى نهاية الصفة وتسبق الصفة the
* Magdy is the tallest boy in our school.
* Our house is the biggest one in the street.
الصفة ذات المقطعين أو أكثر
* عندما نصف شخص أو شيء * Mona is a beautiful girl.
* عند المقارنة بين اثنين تكون القاعدة هي more + adj. + than
* Dalia is more beautiful than Mona.
* عند المقارنة بين أكثر من اثنين تكون القاعدة هي : the most + adj
* Amal is the most beautiful girl in the school.
الصفات الشاذة
Positive
الصفة العادية Comparative
صفة المقارنة Superlative
التفضيل
Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Many More than The most
Much More than The most
Some Less than The least
Little Less than The least
Farther than مسافة The farthest
Further than مسافة زمن The furthest
* بعد الصفة للأحسن ( صيغة التفضيل القصور) غالبا ما تستعمل in للأماكن of للأشخاص
* Nagy is the best boy in the class.
* Nabil is the best of the three boys.
طريقة الاختيار للصفات في الاختبارات
* قبل الأقواس (a , an , very , so , too ) نختار الصفة ذاتها.
* قبل وبعد الأقواس (as ) نختار الصفة ذاتها.
* قبل وبعد الأقواس ( اسم ) نختار الصفة التي بها more than أو er than.
* بعد الأقواس ( than ) نختار الصفة التي بها more أو er.
* قبل الأقواس (the ) نختار الصفة التي بها most أو est.
Correct the following adjectives
1- It is cool today , but it was ( cool ) yesterday.
2- This test is ( easy ) then that one
3- This book is expensive, but that one is (expensive ).
4- Your book case is ( large) than mine.
5- This is the ( interesting ) book I have ever read.
6- Suzy is ( beautiful) than her sister.
7- She is the ( thin ) girl in class.
8- The ( soon) he comes, the better.
9- The ( less ) effort makes him feel tired.
10- She is not ( intelligent ) as we think.
11- America is the ( rich) country in the world.
12- His health is ( bad ) than it was last year.
13- The weather today is ( good ) than it was yesterday.
14- He is ( selfish ) as his brother.
15- He is regarded the ( good ) writer in Egypt.
16- She is ( pretty ) than Samia.
17- This is the ( exciting ) novel I have ever read.
18- He ate ( much ) food than I.
19- He ran ( quickly) as he could.
20- The ( early ) he gets up, the better.
Choose the correct words in brackets.
1- John is ( tall – taller – tallest ) than either of his brothers.
2- He is the ( tall – taller – tallest ) of the three brothers.
3- Roses have a ( sweet – sweeter – sweetest) smell than all the flowers.
4- A diamond is a ( hard – harder- hardest ) stone.
5- Jane is ( pretty- prettier- prettiest) than her two sisters.
6- London is ( large – larger – largest) than any other capital in Europe.
7- John’s handwriting is bad but mine is ( worse- worst- the worst) .
8- Some jobs are ( dangerous- more dangerous- most dangerous ) than other.
9- The patient feels a little ( good – better – best ) today.
10- Saturday is the ( tiring – more tiring – most tiring ) day of the week.
11- Old Mrs. Smith is one of the ( kind – kinder- kindest ) women in the town.
12- The police have received ( far – further – furthest ) information about the crime.
13- He went as white ( to – as – like ) a sheet with fear.
14- He is taller ( as – for than ) his brother.
15- A pony isn’t so large ( as – to – than ) a horse.
16- She is ( pretty ) than Samia.
17- This is the ( exciting) novel I have ever read.
18- He ate ( much ) food than I.
19- He ran ( quickly ) as he could.
20- The ( early) he gets up, the better.
Choose the correct words in brackets:
1- John is ( tall-taller-tallest) than either of his brothers.
2- He is the (tall-taller-tallest) of the three brothers.
3- Roses have a ( sweet- sweeter- sweetest) smell than all the flowers.
4- A diamond is a ( hard – harder- hardest) stone.
5- Jane is ( pretty – prettier- prettiest) than her two sisters.
6- London is ( large- larger- largest)than any other capital in Europe.
7- John’s handwriting is bad but mine is ( worse- worst- the worst).
8- Some jobs are ( dangerous – more dangerous- most dangerous) than others.
9- The patient feels a little ( good – better –best ) today.
10- Saturday is the ( tiring – more tiring – most tiring ) day.
11- Old Mrs. Smith is one of the ( kind – kinder – kindest) women in the town.
12- The police have received ( far – further – furthest) information about the crime.
13- He went as white ( to – as- like ) a sheet with fear.
14- He is taller ( as- for – than ) his brother.
15- A pony isn’t so large ( as- to – than ) a horse.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
الجمل الشرطية
IF CLOUSE Independent clause Time
meant Kind of
Condition
Type 1 Present simple Future simple future Probable
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
Type 2 Past simple Would/should + inf. Present or future. Improbable
If he studied hard, he would ( might)succeed.
Type 3 Past prefect Would/should + have + p.p past Impossible or unfulfilled
If he had studied hard, he would have succeeded.
* تستعمل unless أيضا مثل Ifفي ربط الجمل الشرطية If clause بالجمل الرئيسية المتبوعة principal clause ، وهي تساوي If not .
*القواعد الخاصة مع If هي نفس القواعد المستخدمة مع unless
- If she had not made that mistake, she would have passed the examination.
- Unless she had made that mistake, she ………………………..
في الحالة الثالثة عندما نشير إلى شيء حدث في الماضي ولكن تأثيره أو نتيجته واضحة الأن، من الممكن استخدام would + be بدلا من would + have + التصريف الثالث.
* If he had saved the money , he would be happy now.
Choose the correct answer:
1- If you had told the doctor you were in pain, you ( were given – will be given –had been given- would have been given) an injection before.
2- If you stuck another stamp on this letter, it (would have been sent- would be sent – would be sending- was sent) by air.
3- Had the employment agency had your address, you ( would inform- would have been informed-would be informing)earlier.
4- Had you sent me a letter earlier, I (shall reserve- would reserve- should have reserved- shall reserve) a room for you.
5- He ( has been operated on – would have been operated on – will be operated on – had operated on ) if the doctor thinks it is necessary.
6- He ( learned – had learned- would have learned- would learn) more if you had agreed to help him.
7- If we ( put up – had put up – have put up – were putting up) the tent, we wouldn’t have got wet.
8- Unless they improved the roads, trade ( didn’t flourish- wouldn’t flourish- won’t flourish – wouldn’t have flourished).
9- If the Russian winter had not been so severe, Napoleon ( had- had had – might have had- might have) more success in 1812.
10- Were he to come now , he ( will find - would find- would have found- found ) me.
11- Had he money, he ( will – would – may ) help me.
12- Had he kept his word, he ( would have- will have – may have ) helped him.
13- Had she traveled to Tanta, she ( will stay – would stay- might stay- would have stayed) there.
14- Had he studied his lessons, he ( would – may – can ) have understood everything.
15- Were I in his place, I ( will do – would do – would have done) the same thing.
16- Unless he had done his best, he ( will have – would have – may have) succeeded.
17- Had he done his best, he ( will have – would have – may have) managed to do it.
18- If he does not come early, he ( will punish-will be punished- would be punished).
19- Unless I had warned him, he (will fall- would fall- would had fallen) in the pitch.
20- If aero planes had not been invented, traveling ( would be – might be – would have been ) difficult.
ملاحظات هامة
لاحظ الآتي جيدا وستجده مشروحا بالتفصيل في جزء ( clause, phrase ) .
1. a) Instead of “ If the little boy failed ( or were to fail )” we may use
((Were the little boy to fail)).
b) Instead of “ If it rains ( or rained ) “ we may use
((Should it rain.))
c) Instead of “ If it had rained “ we may use ( Had it rained))
d) Instead of “ If you follow my advice” we may say
((Provided that – Provided – Providing – Providing that بشرط أن you follow)) or (On condition that you follow.))
2. “Whether – or” are used to introduce alternative conditions.
Ex. Whether he goes or stays we shall remain.
3.Unless = If not
Ex. Unless he paid the money, he would be imprisoned.
4. “In case of “ or ” In the event of “can be used to change a clause of condition ( in the affirmative) في حالة المثبت into a phrase.
Ex. If he worked hard, he would succeed.
In case of working hard, he would succeed.
5. “ Without ”, “But for ” can be used to change a clause of condition (in the negative) في حالة النفي into a phrase .
Ex. -If he had not helped us, we should have drowned.
-Without (But for) his help, we should have drowned.
Also: -Without (but for) helping us, we should have drowned.
6. * If it isn’t for…………….مع الحالة الأولى
** If it weren’t for…………… مع الحالة الثانية
*** If it hadn’t been for…………..مع الحالة الثالثة
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1. If I see hem, I (give) him a lift. will give
2. If I had a typewriter,. I (type) it myself.
3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) you.
4. If you go to Paris, where you (stay) ?
5. The flight might be cancelled if the fog (get) thick.
6. If the milkman (come), tell him to leave two pints.
7. Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) mad.
8. We’ll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here.
Active & Passive Voice المبنى للمعلوم والمبنى للمجهول
عند بناء الجملة الخبرية للمجهول نتبع الآتي :
1) الفاعل يتأخر إلى آخر الجملة مسبوقا بكلمة by ويمكن حذفه
2) لمفعول به يتقدم إلى أول الجملة ليصبح فاعلا.
3) تأتى بتصريف v. To Be فى نفس زمن الجملة ومناسبا للفاعل الجديد
4) نضع الفعل الأصلى للجملة فى التصريف الثالث .
Mona plays tennis. Tennis is played by Mona.
- Tennis is played by Mona.
V. To Be تصريفات
مضارع بسيط am – is – are
في الأزمنة البسيطة ماضي بسيط was - were
Am
مستقبل بسيط is + going to + be / will be/ shall be
are
في الأزمنة المستمرة مضارع مستمر am being – is being – are being
ماضي مستمر was being- were being
في الأزمنة التامة مضارع تام have been – has been
ماضي تام had been
مع الأفعال الناقصة be + الفعل الناقص
ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE
tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Present Simple Write, writes Is or are written
Past simple wrote Was or were written
Future simple Will ( or shall) write Will be or shall be written
Present continuous Is ( am, are) writing Is ( are ) being written
Past continuous Was ( were ) writing Was ( were) being written
Future continuous Shall ( will) be writing Not used
Present perfect Has ( have) written Has (have)been written
Past perfect Had written Had been written.
Future perfect Will have written Will have been written.
Present perf. continuous Has ( have) been written Not used
Past perf. continuous Had been writing Not used
Future perf. continuous Will have been writing Not used
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
TENSE SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
PRESENT AM AM HAS + p.p
IS IS + BEING + BEEN
ARE ARE HAVE
PAST WAS WAS HAD + p.p
+BEING +
WERE WERE BEEN
FUTURE DEFECTIVE VERBS WILL HAVE + BEEN
SHALL HAVE + BEEN + p.p
( 1 ) SIMPLE TENSES
1 – They clean the houses - The houses are cleaned by them.
2 – He drank tea. – Tea was drunk by him.
3 – He will meet his friends. – They will be met by him.
4 – She doesn’t buy book. – Books are not bought by her.
( 2 ) CONTINUOUS TENSES
1 – He is eating an apple. – An apple is being eaten by him.
2 – She was cooking fatta. – Fatta was being cooked by her.
3 – He was making baskets. – Baskets were being made by him.
( 3 ) PERSENT PERFECT
1- He has found a pen. – A pen has been found by him.
2- They have made rings. – Rings have been made by them.
( 4 ) DEFECTIVE FERBS
1- They may break the window.– The window may be broken by him.
2- She can do it. - It can be done by her.
( 5 ) SENTENCE WITH TWO OBJECTS.
1- I gave her money . She was given money (by me )
2- I gave her money . (or) money was given to her (by me)
3- He teaches us ENGLISH. We are taught English (by him)
(6) Preposition after verbs
1- He eats with a spoon. –A spoon is eaten with .
2- They speak well of her . –She is well spoken of .
(7) OTHER DIFFICULT FORMS
1- He kicked the ball quickly . – The ball was quickly kicked .
2- No body met me . – I was not met by anyone .
3- Please , give him the book . – Please , let him be given the book
4- People say that he is brave . – It is said that he is brave .
( or ) He is said to be brave.
5- He let her cheat him . – He let himself be cheated.
6- Don’t let people hear you . – Don’t let yourself be heard .
7- I hate people laughing at me . – I hate being laughed at .
(
QUESTIONS
1- When did Sami write the letter ? - Sami wrote the letter .
- the letter was written by him .
* When was the letter written? 2- Do you meet these boys ? - I meet these boys .
- these boys are met by me .
* Are these boys met by you?
3- Who broke the window. * by whom was the window broken?
GENERAL EXERCISE ON ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE.
Change the active form into the passive form and vice versa.
1- The servant was beating the carpet.
2- The child was run over by a motor-car.
3- The rooms are kept clean.
4- I was given a present.
5- He has been bitten by a snake.
6- Did Aly eat all the apples?
7- Was he honoured last year?
8- He is putting the books in the drawer.
9- The thief was caught.
10- He will be punished for disobedience.
11- Aly eats two apples .
12- Aly will eat an apple.
13- Aly ate an apple.
14- Ali has eaten too many apples.
15- Ali had eaten all the apples.
16- Aly is eating an apple.
17- Aly was eating apples.
18- Aly has eaten an apple.
19- Aly had eaten an apple.
20- Someone stole my fountain pen yesterday.
21- A message will be sent immediately.
22- It could not be used by them.
23- The meal has been prepared by my sister .
24- The man was being questioned by the police.
25- He had lost a large some of money.
26- Somebody had cleaned my shoes.
27- We use this room only on special occasions.
28- Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
29- Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in ?
30- They are pulling down the old cinema.
31- Someone will serve refreshments .
32- Who wrote it?
33- They showed her the easiest way to do it.
34- Did the idea interest you ?
35- Who did it?
36- The government has called out troops.
37- They have been killed by criminals.
38- He is said to be a spy.
39- We called in the police.
40- They built the school outside the town.
41- The doctor has given him some medicine.
42- Many people read the writer’s books.
43- A car will take her home after the party.
44- They gave the children presents.
45- These boys have done some good work.
46- They have taken the hens to the market.
47- A bus will take the workers home in the evening.
48- Someone has cooked this meal well.
49- You can see the river from our house.
50- They will send these bicycles abroad.
51- Smoke filled the room.
52- We have sent the children into the garden.
53- Someone has taken all the flowers from the garden.
54- A man will bring the bread to your house.
55- Nader wrote this letter.
56- They have made these bicycles in the factory.
57- They are building new houses outside the town.
58- A careless driver was driving this car.
59- A good teacher will give these lessons.
60- They make lots of cars in France.
61- Someone left a cigarette on the table.
62- A kind friend gave her that new handbag.
63- Mrs. Sawsan invited her to the party.
64- A friend gave me this gold ring.
65- Someone has cut the grass in the garden.
66- The car took them to the theatre.
67- Mr. Jones has given a present to the children.
68- People will remember this play for a long time.
69- Did Samy break this window?
70- Is Mr. Nokes doing this work?
71- Has anyone found my pen?
72- Has anyone eaten those chocolates?
73- A friend of mine wrote this letter to me.
74- Some one left the light on all night.
75- They opened a new cinema in Tanta last week.
76- People will invite you to their homes.
77- They will paint this bicycle red .
78- Someone has washed these curtains since last Monday.
79- They have taken the butter and eggs to the market.
80- They were cleaning all the carpets.
81- Someone was selling all the houses in the street.
82- Someone has eaten all the apples.
83- They asked him to speak about Egypt.
84- Someone built this castle many centuries ago.
85- You mustn’t cut pages out of the book.
86- Someone married her when she was only eighteen.
87- Did anyone teach you English?
88- They refused his offer of help.
89- Many flowers were broken by the heavy rain.
90- He was told the news by someone.
91- The children were left at home.
92- The workers had been given a week’s holiday by the manager.
93- She will be told the good news by her brother.
94- We were invited to the party by our friend Sue.
95- Many new houses have been built.
96- This book was written many centuries ago by Shakespeare.
97- This cake was made by my mother.
98- Tom has taken a photograph of Susan.
99- We have seen a lot of interesting places.
THE CAUSATIVE “HAVE”
المبني للمجهول باستخدام "Have" – الفعل المنسوب لغير مذكور.
• وعادة ما يأتي الفعل السببي مع الأفعال الآتية :
Clean, print, polish, cut, service, repair, deliver, decorate, press.
Noun المستفيد + v. To Have + object + p. p
* The mechanic repaired my car.
- I had my car repaired.
Noun المستفيد + v. To Have + object (ind.) + inf. + object (dir)
* The mechanic repaired my car.
- I had the mechanic repair my car.
** The maid has cleaned my room.
- I have had my room cleaned.
- I have had the maid clean my room.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Statement الجملة الخبرية
* Subject + verb + ……….
الجملة الخبرية هي الجملة التي ليست أمرية أو استفهامية . ولتحويل الجملة الخبرية – الكلام المباشر إلى غير مباشر تتبع الخطوات التالية
1- إذا كان فعل القول ماضيا فإن said to تحول إلى told أما said فقط تظل كما هي.
2- تحذف الأقواس ونضع كلمة that بدلا منها كأداة ربط ( ويمكن الاستغناء عنها ) ويلزم وضعها إذا جاءت بعد أي فعل آخر مثل
protest, point to , object, explain, complain…….
3- تحول الضمائر سواء في حالة الفاعل أو المفعول به أو الملكية بحيث تعود على الفاعل والمفعول خارج الأقواس حسب المعنى ، وغالبا ما تكون كالآتي
D. Ind. فاعل D. Ind. مفعول D. Ind. ملكية
I He , she Me Him, her My Her, his
we They Us Them Your My, his, her
He He You Me, him Our Their
she she him him his His
4- تحول الأزمنة كالآتي ( يُرفع الفعل درجة ):
direct Indirect
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect
Was, were Had been
Shall, will Should, would
Can Could
Must Must, had to
تحول بعض الكلمات كالآتي
Direct Indirect
this That
these Those
here There
now Then
today That day
tonight That night
tomorrow The next day
Tomorrow morning The next morning
Next week, month The following week, month
yesterday The day before
Last night The night before
Ago Before
Come Go
The day before yesterday Two days before
The day after tomorrow In two days time
• He said to me , “ I went to the zoo yesterday”.
- He told me (that) he had gone to the zoo the day before.
• She said, “ this was my house”.
- She said (that) that had been her house.
• He said “I had a car” .
- He said (that) he had had a car .
• He said to her “ I’m here to help you .”
- He told here that he was there to help her .
ملاحظات هامة جداً على الجملة الخبرية :
• She says ,” I usually visit my grand ma every week “.
- She says (that) she usually visits her grand ma every week .
• إذا كان فعل القول فى زمن المضارع البسيط أو المستقبل البسيط فإن الأزمنة والظروف وأسماء الإشارة لا تتغير فى التحويل، ويكون التغيير فى الضمائر فقط .
• لا تتغير الأزمنة إذا كان الفعل يعبر عن حقيقة مطلقة أو حدث منذ فترة قصيرة جدا أو أن الحدث دائم ومتكرر .
* He said “ the earth is round “ .
- He said (that) the earth is round .
• He said to me “I’m glad to meet you.”
……………………………………………………………………….
- She told her friend (that she gets up at 6 o’clock every morning.
* إذا كان الكلام المباشر يحتوي على جملتين خبريتين تربطهما معاً بالعبارة and ، added that أو and that
• Tamer said “I know that it is wrong” “I shall try to do it better tomorrow .”
- Tamer said (that) he know that it was wrong and added that he would try to do it better the next day .
• إذا كان المخاطب داخل الأقواس فانه يوضع بعد فعل القول عند التحويل .
وإذا جاءت جملة القول في آخر الجملة الخبرية على صورة said he أو he said فإننا نبدأ بها الجملة عند التحويل .
• “ I want to dine with you Shaimaa .”, said Faten .
- Faten told Shaimaa that she wanted to dine with her .
* إذا بدأت جملة الحديث المباشر بـyes فإننا نحولها إلى agreed أو answered in affirmative بدلا من (said ) وإذا بدأت بـ no فإننا نحولsaid إلى refused أو answered in the negative
• Mai said , “ yes , this is Marwa’s house .”
- Mai answered in affirmative ( that ) that was Marwa’s house .
• Amal said, “No, I’m sorry”.
- Amal answered in the negative (that) she was Sorry .
* إذا كانت جملة الحديث المباشر على صورة تحية مثل( Good morning) فإنsaid تحول إلى wished
• Haitham said, "Good morning”
Haitham wished me good morning .
• إذا جاءت فى جملة الحديث المباشر كلمة وداع مثل “Good bye” فإنsaid تحول إلى bade ( أى الماضي من bid يودع )
* Amany said to Abla , “Good bye”. “I shall see you tomorrow”.
-Amany bade Abla good bye and added that she would see her the following day .
• إذا جاءت العبارةcome here فى الكلام المباشر تحول إلىgo there فى الكلام الغير مباشر.
• She said to me ,” I shall come here tomorrow “.
- She told me (that) she would go there the next day .
• إذا جاءت كلمة شكر فى الكلام المباشر تحول said إلى thanked
• Bushra said to me ,” Thank you very much”.
- Bushra thanked me very much .
• التعبيرات الآتية لا تتغير عند التحويل إلى الكلام الغير مباشر.
should like would like had better
• He said to me , “ you’d better get up early”
• He advised me that I’d better get early.
كيفية تحويل الكلام الغير مباشر إلى الكلام المباشر في الجملة الخبرية
1- تحول told إلى .said to
2- نحذف that إن وجدت ونضع بدلا منها الفاصلة والأقواس .
3- نغير الضمائر من الغائب إلى المتكلم والمخاطب حسب المعنى .
4- نغير الأزمنة من الماضي التام إلى الماضي البسيط أو من الماضي البسيط إلى المضارع البسيط .
5- تراعى الظروف وأدوات الإشارة التي في الجدول كل فيما يقابله.
6- يجب مراعاة الحالات الخاصة والأفعال التي لا تتغير.
• She told her mother that she had gone to the zoo with a friend of hers.
- She said to her mother , “ I went to the zoo with a friend of mine”.
• Ahmed told Magda that he wished he knew.
- Ahmed said to Magda ,”I wish I knew”.
2- Questions الأسئلة - الجملة الاستفهامية
* لتحويل السؤال إلى Indirect اتبع الآتي:
1- خارج الأقواس Indirect Direct
say ask, enquire , want to know
shall say shall ask, shall enquire
said, said to asked, enquired
asked wanted to know
2- إذا كان السؤال داخل الأقواس بـ " هل " فعند التحويل تحذف الأقواس ونربط بـ whether أو If وتحذف do, does , did .
3- أما إذا كان السؤال بأداة استفهام فإننا نحذف الأقواس وتوضع أداة استفهام كما هي ( تعتبر أداة ربط )
4- يحول السؤال إلى جملة خبرية بمعنى أن يوضع الفاعل قبل الفعل .
5- نتبع إجراءات وجداول التحويل كما سبق ذكرها في الجملة الخبرية
• Ali said to his friend , “ why were you absent yesterday?”, ”Were you ill ?”
- Ali asked his friend why he had been absent the day before and if he had been ill.
• I said to Dalya , “ don’t you believe this story?”
- I asked Dalya if she didn’t believe that story.
6- إذا وجدت yes أو No في الكلام المباشر ردا على سؤال بالنفي أو الإثبات فإننا نردها إلى عبارتها في الجملة الخبرية
• Ahmed said to me ,” Did you write the letter?” I replied, ”yes” / “No”
- Ahmed asked me if I had written the letter and I replied that I had. / but I replied I hadn’t.
• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الطلب مثل:
• “ What shall I say mother ?” she said.
• She asked her mother what she would say.
• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الغرض
• He said , “ shall I bring you a drink?”
• He offered to bring me a drink.
• هناك أسئلة تعبر عن الاقتراح:
• He said, “ shall we meet at the club?”
• He suggested meeting at the club.
لاحظ جيدا هذه الحالات الخاصة :
* He said,” would you mind opening the window?”
He asked me wanted me to open the window.
* He said , “ would you like to have a drink ?”
He suggested having a drink.
* She said to her friend, “ would you like some tea?”
She offered her friend some tea.
* “What about tea?” - He suggested tea.
* “ What about going to the cinema tonight?” , he said.
He suggested going to the cinema that night.
* “ Why don’t you ask him?” she said.
She suggested asking him.
* “Could I have a cup of tea?” she said.
She asked for a cup of tea.
* “Could you give me a pen, please?” he said.
He asked me to give him a pen.
“ Shall we be in time?” said he.
He wandered if they would be in time.
3- Command and Request
الأمر والطلب
1- يحول فعل الأمر كالآتي:
الأمر ordered - التأدب asked - التساوي told - التحذير warned - النصيحة advised – التوسل begged – prayed للتذكير reminded - للتهديد threatened للرغبة wanted
2- تحذف الأقواس وتربط ب to + inf. في الإثبات أو not to + inf. في النفي.
3- تحول الضمائر والأزمنة والظروف كما سبق شرحها.
* Ali said to me , “ turn on the light.”
Ali told me to turn on the light.
* He said to me ,” Don’t touch this wire.”
He warned me not to touch that wire.
* She said, “ Remember to thank Mr. Akmal.
She reminded him to thank Mr. Akmal.
ملاحظات هامة في الجملة الأمرية:
* “ Come with me.” Said he.
He suggested that I should go with him.
or, He suggested (my) going with him.
* She said, “ Don’t make so much noise.”
-She suggested that I shouldn’t make so much noise.
* He said, “ Let’s go to the mosque.” ( suggestion) اقتراح
- He suggested that we should go to mosque.
* I said,“ let him come with us, mother.” ( allowing ) سماح
- I asked my mother to let him go with us.
* “ Let’s sell the house “ Mr. Ali said “ lets not “ said Hanna
- Mr. Ali suggested selling the house but Hanna was against it
* “ Go on , Nagi , hit him “ he said
- She urged Nagi to hit the other boy.
4 – Exclamation
