UNIT 15
Key Vocab:
abandon يهجر / يترك off the beaten track بعيدا عن الأماكن المألوفة
inhabitants سكان persuade يقنع
settlement مستوطنة / قرية صغيرة spring (n.) ينبوع ماء
supply (v.) يزود / يمد landscape منظر طبيعي
monastery ديــر site موقع أو مكان
oasis واحة settle down يستقر (من حيث السكن والزواج)
beauty الجمال history التاريخ
irrigate يروي agricultural زراعي
Vocabulary:
forever إلي الأبد convince يقنع
naturally بشكل طبيعي regularly بانتظام
a period of time قترة من الوقت palm trees أشجار النخيل
pond بركة rethink يعيد التفكير في
clearly من الواضح comfortable مريح
attractions مناطق جذب historical places أماكن تاريخية
wildlife الحياة البرية fox ثعلب
wolf ذئب tombs مقابر
temples معابد huge ضخم
treasures كنوز contain يحتوي علي
capital عاصمة / رأسمال palace قصر
remain يبقي / يظل fertile خصب
polishing تلميع waterwheels سواقي المياه
lift يرفع irrigation الري
amphitheatre مدرج location موقع
supplies إمدادات / مؤن / تموين floods فيضانات
disagreements خلافات overland برا / عن طريق البر
monks رهبان nuns راهبات
process عملية newly discovered مكتشف حديثا
traditional style أسلوب تقليدي allege = claim يزعم / يدعي
artefacts قطع أثرية legend أسطورة
fortress قلعة invade يغزو
invaders الغزاة inspect يفحص / يفتش
waves أمواج a fortnight أسبوعين
borders حدود beneath تحت
entrance مدخل magnificent رائع
massive هائل monuments آثار
antiquities آثار museums متاحف
archaeologist عالم آثار statue تمثال
impressive مؤثر / مبهر mosque مسجد
church كنيسة expert خبير
nature lover محب للطبيعة man-made من صنع الإنسان
tunnel نفق dinosaur ديناصور
mushroom فطر عيش الغراب weight وزن / ثقل
Words and their antonyms:
persuade..to يقنع (شخص) بعمل شيء dissuade.. from يثني (شخص) عن
convincing مقنع unconvincing غير مقنع
provide يوفر deprive يحرم
frequent معتاد / متكرر rare نادر
facilitate يسهل impede/hinder يعوق
clear واضح unclear غير واضح
bearable يمكن تحتمله unbearable لا يحتمل
scream يصرخ whisper يهمس
limited محدود unlimited غير محدود
demand الطلب supply العرض
upwards لأعلي downwards لأسفل
Prepositions:
get to يصل الي be home to موطن لــ
above sea level فوق مستوي سطح البحر below sea level تحت مستوي سطح البحر
attractive to جذاب لــ at any time في أي وقت
be cut into the hills محفورة في التلال has a population of عدد السكان بها هو
impressed by منبهر أو متأثر بــ over time بمرور الوقت
deprive of يحرم من all over Egypt في كل أنحاء مصر
show someone round/around يصطحب شخص لتعريفه علي مكان معين find his way around يجد طريقه في أنحاء المكان
walk through forests يمشي عبر الغابات be/feel confident about يشعر بالثقة بشأن
Irregular Verbs:
sweep/swept/swept يكنس teach/taught/taught يعلم
swim/swam/swum يعوم/ يسبح tell/told/told يخبر
take/took/taken يأخذ throw/threw/thrown يرمي
tear/tore/torn يمزق undergo/underwent /undergone يتحمل/يقاسي يخضع لـ / يجتاز
think/thought/thought يفكر undertake/undertook /undertaken يقوم بـ
Derivatives:
Verb Noun Adjective
settle يستقر settlement استقرار / تسوية / قرية صغير
persuade يقنع persuasion إقناع persuasive مقنع
abandon يترك/ يهجر abandonment هجر / ترك abandoned مهجور
inhabit يسكن inhabitant ساكن inhabited مسكون
Important Vocabulary for translation and composition:
despair يأس marine transport النقل البحري
air transport النقل الجوي non-governmental غير الحكومية
civil societies جمعيات أهلية top officials كبار المسئولين
deputy نائب security council مجلس الأمن
the United Nations الأمم المتحدة development plan خطة تنمية
human rights حقوق الإنسان political rights حقوق سياسية
victims ضحايا death penalty عقوبة الإعدام
self-defence الدفاع عن النفس street children أطفال الشوارع
Language Notes
•hardly (any / ever) = almost not بالكاد / تقريبا لا (تدل علي النفي)
• We have hardly any money. = We have almost no money.
•supply (someone / something) with يمد / يزود بـ
• We should supply our schools with modern technology.
•Supply (something) to.. يمد / يزود بــ
• His parents supplied a lot of books to him.
•Supplies = food or other items necessary for living إمدادات (غذائية / طبية / مياه)
•After the earthquake, a lot of people were in need of food and medical supplies.
• Rise / rose / risen (I) لا يليها مفعول
= (go up, increaseيزداد , , stand up يقف / ينهض , get out of bedيستيقظ )
• Oil prices are rising all the time. يزداد
• Smoke rose from the chimney. يتصاعد
• The sun rises at around 6 a.m. تشرق
• rise (n.) زيادة / ارتفاع (increase / increase in wagesزيادة في الأجور )
• There was a sudden rise in temperature yesterday. ارتفاع
• He got a 10% rise last year. زيادة في الأجر
• Raise / raised/ raised (T) يليها مفعول
• Raise your hand if you know the answer. يرفــع
• The government does its best to raise the standard of living. يرفع مستوي المعيشــة
• The concert raised a lot of money for cancer research.يجمع
• Raise your voice ارفع صوتك
• raise hopes/ fears/ suspicionsيثير الخوف/الشك ...
• Raise a subject / question / point يطرح للمناقشة موضوع أو نقطة أو يثير تساؤل
• Arise / arose / arisen (بدون مفعول) = begin to happen ينشأ / يحدث
• A lot of problems usually arise at work.
• Arouse/aroused/ (يليها مفعول) يثيــر(للمشاعر والأحاسيس)
• Her behavior aroused the suspicions يثير شكوك of the police.
Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
Choose the correct answer:
1- We were sinking fast and the captain gave the order to (banned – abandon – demolish – depend) the ship.
2- A person who lives in a place is a/an (absent – accent – dependent – inhabitant).
3- If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will (persuade – decide – admit – deny) her.
4- A/An (agreement – government – settlement – department) is a place where a group of people lives.
5- At the beginning of the school year, students are (implied – supplied – simplified – given) with a lot of books.
6- The farmhouse we stayed in was completely off the beaten (truck – trick – track – duck).
7- The two countries are trying to reach a peaceful (disagreement – achievement – measurement – settlement) of the conflict.
8- After years of travelling, he decided to (settle – stay – live – move) down and have a family.
9- Travellers have to take (applies – briefcases – supplies – barrels) of food and water when they cross the Sahara Desert.
10- The two families finally reached a (agreement – settlement – assignment – compliment) after years of disagreement.
11- Many people settle (about – with – in – down) in their twenties or early thirties.
12- Although he was quite busy, Ali didn't need much (persuasion – presentation – situation - intention) to come to the beach with us.
13- This place is very (famous – furious – curious - porous). Many people know about it.
14- We need a lot of water to (communicate – concentrate – irrigate delegate) this land.
15-A (kite – bite – fight - site) is a place where something important or interesting happened.
16- A (landscape – landmine – landslide - land rover) is a view across an area of land.
17- (Geography – Philosophy – Psychology - History ) means all things that happened in the past.
18- A (museum – village – oasis - monastery) is a place where monks live.
19- (Architectural – Agricultural – Cultural - Abandoned) land is very important because it provides us with the food we need.
20- Some people believe that (spring – sting – string - sink) water is good for health.
21- There are so many tourist (infections – attractions – elections – injections) in Egypt.
22- The government is doing its best to (rise – arise – arouse – raise) the standard of living.
23- There are hardly (some – a lot – any – no) people living in this area.
24- Prices (raise – rise – arise – arouse) almost every day.
25- When employees do not co-operate, many problems (raise – arouse – arise – praise).
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- These remote islands are only inhibited by birds and animals.
2- Cairo has a pollution of over 10 million people.
3- My father raises at 5 every morning to do exercise.
4- Objects of historical interest are usually kept in companies.
5- The hotel is in a lovely vacation overlooking the lake.
.
Passive Verbs
•تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول من To Be + p.p. : ويستخدم فعل to Be في نفس زمن الجملة:
Simple presentمضارع بسيط :
Am / is / are + PP. • People speak Arabic in Egypt.
Arabic is spoken in Egypt.
Speak/speaks Is/are spoken
Present Cont.:مضارع مستمر
Am / is / are + being + PP. • Someone is repairing my car.
My car is being repaired.
Is/are repairing Is/are being repaired
Simple pastماضي بسيط :
Was / were + PP. • They invited me to a party.
I was invited to a party.
invited Was/were invited
Past Cont.ماضي مستمر :
Was / were + being + PP. • I thought they were watching me.
I thought I was being watched.
Was/were watching Was/were being watched
Present perfectمضارع تام :
Have / has been + PP. • I have paid the bill.
The bill has been paid.
Have/has paid Have/has been paid
Past perfectماضي تام :
Had been + PP. • I knew why they had picked me for the team.
I knew why I had been picked for the team.
Had picked Had been picked
Future simple : مستقبل بسيط
Will be + PP. •They will tell you your exam results next Monday.
You will be told your exam results next Monday.
Will tell Will be told
Future perfectمستقبل تام :
Will have been + PP. • She will have saved enough money.
Enough money will have been saved.
Will have saved Will have been saved
Simple modalsالأفعال الناقصة :
Can/should/have to/used to/be to/may…etc+be+ PP. • They used to clean this place.
This place used to be cleaned.
• She might send the letter.
The letter might be sent.
Used to clean Used to be cleaned
Perfect modals: الأفعال الناقصة التامة
Should have/could have/might have ..etc + been + PP. • He should have done the job.
The job should have been done.
• He could have paid the bill.
The bill could have been paid.
Should have done Should have been done
•الأفعال الناقصةهى:
can / could will / would shall / should may / might
have to / has to / had to ought to need to needn’t
used to be going to will have to
• She used to clean the flat. (The flat…)
The flat used to be cleaned.
• They will have to cancel the match. (The match…)
The match will have to be cancelled.
•يمكن استخدم get بدلا من be عند التحويل إلى المبنى للمجهول وذلك مع أفعال معينة مثل:
get arrested / get killed/ get married / get divorcedبطلق / get caught يقبض علي/ get elected ينتخب/ get lost / get hurt / get beaten يهزم/ get delayed يتأخر / get confused يرتبك / get burnt / get damaged / get firedيفصل من العمل / get run overيصـدم
•The police caught him. (He…)
He was caught by the police. = He got caught by the police.
•She beat me at chess. (I…)
I was beaten at chess. = I got beaten at chess.
•لا بد من استخدام الفاعل + by مع أفعال معينة مثل:
build / invent / discover / design / write / damage / compose / destroy
•Beethoven composed this symphony. (by)
This symphony was composed by Beethoven.
•الجملة المنفية تظل منفية في المبنى للمجهول:
don’t / doesn’t am not / isn’t / aren’t + PP.
didn’t wasn’t / weren’t + PP.
•They don't speak Arabic in Peru. (Arabic…)
Arabic is not spoken in Peru.
• They didn’t see the robbers. (The robbers…)
The robbers weren’t seen.
•و تكون الجملة منفية أيضا إذا بدأت بكلمات مثل Neither / No one / Nobody
• Neither of them did the job. (The job…)
The job wasn’t done.
•فى حالة وجود مفعولين يمكن أن نبدأ بأي منهما في المبنى للمجهول و لكن لاحظ استخدام حرف جر عندما نبدأ بالمفعول المباشر.
• She gave me a gift. I was given a gift. A gift was given to me.
•يستخدم حرف الجر for مع أفعال معينة مثل:
buy / build / find / order / make / leave / save / get / keep. (for)
• He built his parents a house.
A house was built for his parents.
•يستخدم حرف الجر to مع أفعال معينة مثل:
give / bring / lend / offer / pass / read / sell / show / write. (to)
• He sold me his old car. His old car was sold to me.
•عادة لا يستخدم الفعل let فى المبنى للمجهول .و نستخدم بدلا منه الفعل allow:
• She let me drive her car. I was allowed to drive her car.
•لاحظ هذه التغييرات الهامة:
It is possible = can be + PP
It’s impossible = can’t be + PP
It’s necessary = must be + PP
It’s unnecessary = needn’t be + PP
It’s probable = may be + PP
It’s improbable = might be + PP
It’s advisable = should be + PP
It’s inadvisable = shouldn’t be + PP
• It’s necessary to wash vegetables before eating. (washed)
Vegetables must be washed before eating
• لاحظ التحويل إلى المبني للمجهول في حالة وجود أحد الأفعال التالية :
think / say / believe / know / consider / understand / claim / expect / allege / report / suppose.
• People think that this building withstands earthquakes.
• يمكن تحويل هذه الجملة إلى المبنى للمجهول بطريقتين :
1) It + be + P.P. (التصريف الثالث من الفعل الأول ) + that + بقية الجمــلة
2)فاعل الجملة الثانية + to Be + PP. (من الفعل الأول) + to-inf. من الفعل الثاني للجملة
(في المضارع أو المستقبل البسيط )
فاعل الجملة الثانية + to be + PP(من الفعل الأول) + to have + PP.
(في الماضي و المضارع التام و الماضي التام)
1- It is thought that this building withstands earthquakes.
2- This building is thought to withstand earthquakes.
•لاحظ انه في كلا الطريقتين يتم تحويل الأفعال السابقة إلى المبنى للمجهول:
•People believe that she stole the documents. (It…) (She..)
It is believed that she stole the documents.
She is believed to have stolen the documents
• في حالة وجود مضارع مستمر نستخدم to be + ing :
•I think he is making a plan. (It…) (He…)
It is thought that he is making a plan.
He is thought to be making a plan.
• في حالة وجود ماضي مستمر نستخدم to be +V- ing أو to have been +V- ing
•I think he was making a plan. (It…) (He…)
It is thought that he was making a plan.
He is thought to be making/ to have been making a plan.
•It is said that… or "It is believed that… means that people in general say or believe something هذا التركيب يعني بصفة عامة أن الناس تقول أو تعتقد شيئا ما
•People say that the Wall of China is the greatest building on Earth. .
It is said that the Wall of China is the greatest building on Earth.
The Wall of China is said to be the greatest building on Earth.
More examples:
• The police believe that the terrorists escaped. (It…) (The prisoner…)
It is believed that the terrorists escaped.
The terrorists are believed to have escaped.
• The newspaper reported that the team lost the game.
It was reported that the team lost the game.
The team was reported to have lost the game.
Changing from Passive into Active
•عند إعادة الجملة للمعلوم نتبع الخطوات الآتية:
(1) نبدأ بفاعل مناسب. (2) إعادة التصريف الثالث إلي زمنه الأصلي حسب زمن Be .
(3) يعود المفعول إلى مكانه في آخر الجملة.
•I think we are being followed.
• لاحظ أن الجملة المراد تحويلها هي : We are being followed.
•لاحظ زمن Be في هذه الجملة هو المضارع المستمر (Present Cont.) ولذلك فان التصريف الثالث followed يعود إلى المضارع المستمر. ونستخدم فاعل مناسب:
• I think someone is following us.
• لاحظ تحويل we إلى us في مكان المفعول في الجملة السابقة.
• The garden has just been watered. (They …)
• They have just watered the garden.
•What she had said wasn’t believed. (We… )
We didn’t believe what she had said.
Choose the correct answer:
1. The Pyramids (built – have been built – were built – would build) thousands of years ago.
2. Stones (carry – will carry – was carried – were carried) on boats and overland.
3. You (can visit – can be visited – could be visited – will be visited) this place at any time of the year.
4. It (says – said – is said – is saying) that the new library at Alexandria was built in the same place as the ancient library.
5. People (are known – know – have been known – were known) that the waterwheels at Fayoum Oasis were used to irrigate the fields.
6. It (believes – believed – has believed – is believed) that wolves and foxes were hunted in Sinai 3,000 years ago.
7. The tombs that (will cut – were cut – was cut – had cut) into the hills can still be seen.
8. The walls around St. Catherine's Monastery (were building – have built – has built – were built) to protect the treasures inside.
9. A lot of projects (are carrying – will carry – are being carried – must carry) out at present.
10. People (know – have known – are knowing – are known) to have lived in this place for thousands of years.
11. The men (believe – were believed – are believing – will believe) to have robbed the bank.
12. Alexandria (is thought – is thinking – was thinking – thinks) to be the most beautiful city in Egypt.
13. Many things (steal – are stolen – will steal – was stolen) from supermarkets every day.
14. Most of the old part of the town (abandoned – will abandon – has been abandoned – abandoning).
15. Hardly any furniture (was – were – are – has) left after the fire.
16. After the treasures (had discovered – was discovered – have discovered – had been discovered), they were sent to the museum.
17. Some new cities (have built – have to be built – will build – would build) to solve the problem of overpopulation.
18. The woman got (arrest – arresting – being arrested – arrested) for murder.
19. While my car (was repairing – was being repaired – has been repaired – is repairing), I went shopping.
20. No evidence of life on other planets (has ever found – has never been found – has ever been found – had ever found).
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- Before roads were building across the desert, hardly any visitors came to Dakhla.
2- You may persuade to think again if you visit this oasis.
3- The job is doing at the moment.
4- The injured man couldn't walk and his friends had to be carried him.
5- A new hospital has built near the airport.
6- Dangerous driving are caused a lot of accidents.
7- A decision won't be making before the end of the month.
8- It is saying that many people are homeless after the floods.
9- People are not allowing to park here.
10- All the questions must answer in order.
11- Our products export to many countries.
12- She got hurting while cleaning the kitchen.
13- This painting is going to exhibit at the art gallery.
14- The man is questioning at the police station at the moment.
15- This problem should solve soon.
Persuading someone to do something
إقناع شخص بعمل شيء معين
I recommend (going to / visiting / reading..)
You really must (visit / read / go to..)
Can't I persuade you to (visit / go to..)
It would be a pity if you didn't (see / read / go to..)
Finding out more information
معرفة المزيد من المعلومات
Can you tell me more about…?
What would I see there?
What is special about…? ما الشيء الذي يميز..؟
How is …different from…?
Test on Unit 15
A- Language Functions
1- Respond to the following situations:
1- A friend is trying to persuade you to visit a place you have never heard of. You'd like more information about this place. What do you say?
2- You are trying to persuade a foreign friend to visit an interesting place which is off the beaten track. You think your friend will regret it if he or she doesn't go. What do you say?
3- A travel agent is trying to persuade you to go to a newly discovered tourist site. You want to know why this place is better than another. What do you ask?
4- You have met a foreign tourist who does not know your town. You think he or she would like this place even though it is off the beaten track. What do you say to persuade him or her?
2- Say where these mini-dialogues are taking place and who the speakers are:
1- A: May I have your attention, please?
I hope you are enjoying the
beautiful views of the Sinai desert?
B: What's that huge building?
A: It's the monastery of St Catherine.
B: When was it built?
A: It was built in the sixth century.
2- A- Have you finished the work on my car?
B- I'm afraid not. We haven't got the parts yet,
A-Oh, that's a nuisance. When do you think it'll be ready?
B- Well, we're getting the parts in the morning.
You'll be able to collect the car tomorrow evening.
B- Vocabulary and Structure
3- Choose the correct answer:
1. Gulliver's Travels (was – were – have been – will be) written by Jonathan Swift.
2. Their car was sold (for – about – to – in) us.
3. She (is walked – was walked – is being walked – walked) for three hours.
4. Houses (design – are designed – was designed – are designing) to be warm in winter and cool in summer.
5. Our car (was repaired – has been repaired – will be repairing – is being repaired) at the moment.
6. These flats (would be built – was built – were built – have been built) in 1995.
7. The car (drive – was being driven – is driving – is being driven) too fast when the accident happened.
8. It (is believed – has believed – is being believed – believes) that eating too much meat causes illness.
9. The moon is thought (having – to have – to be had – to having) no life on it.
10. There are ancient Roman (settlements - shipments – statements – governments) all over Europe and the Middle East.
11. Hamid tried to (dissuade – persuade – insulate –isolate) his friend to lend him his bike, but he refused.
12. Many of the (accountants – contestants – instants – inhabitants) of cities live in large blocks of flats.
13. It's quite difficult to find my family's village. It's really (on the wrong track – on the right track – off the beaten track – on the track).
14. In last year's floods, thousands of people had to (abundant – abandon – prevent – deprive) their homes.
15. Last year, farmers in our region (supplied – applied – replied – relied) the supermarkets with all their milk, cheese and meat.
16. He will help you - he just needs a bit of gentle (permission – revision – persuasion – division).
4- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- Historical land is used for growing crops and keeping animals.
2- Egypt has very beautiful landslides.
3- A lot of tourists visit this place to enjoy the duty of nature.
4- It is knowing that people have lived in the desert
5- They arrested at the airport last week.
6- He is operating on at the moment.
C- Reading Comprehension
5- Read the passage then answer the questions:
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air. At that moment, the airhostess appeared. Speaking quickly, but almost in a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines, or at least how to drive a car. After a moment’s hesitation, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabin.
Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become familiar with the controls. The terrible moment came when he had to land. Following instructions, the man guided the plane towards the airfield. It shook violently as it touched the ground, but after a long run, it stopped safely. Outside, a crowd of people who had been watching anxiously, rushed forward to congratulate “the pilot” on a perfect landing.
A. Answer the following questions:
1. What made the plane move unsteadily through the air?
2. Why did the man have to circle the airport several times?
3. Find words in the passage which mean:
a) to become unconscious b) told
Choose the correct answer:
4. The terrible moment came when he had to ----------------
a) land b) stop c) drive d) listen
5. The underlined word “it” refers to -----------------
a) the airport b) the plane c) the seat d) the car
6- Read the passage then answer the questions:
Many things we use every day to go from place to place move on wheels such as, the bus, the motor bike, the car and many others . One of the things that move on wheels is the bicycle. Bicycles are important and People use them for fun and for work all over the world.
In 1818, the bicycle had no pedals. The pedals were added in 1839. The pedals made them move faster than the old ones. More speed was possible by making the front wheel very large.
By 1900, most of the bicycle parts that we know were developed. They include equal-sized wheels, brakes to stop the bike, a chain connecting the pedals to the rear wheel and various speeds. Cycling is a clean way of moving around because bicycles do not use petrol. Another good thing about the bike is that it does not need a big place to park. This is why in some big cities of the world, people can only ride bicycles.
A- Answer the following questions
1- What do buses, cars and bicycles have in common?
2- How were bicycles made faster?
3- Find words in the passage which mean: a) back b) different from
B- Choose the correct answer:
5- The underlined word “they” refers to (all – most – some – few) bicycle parts.
6- In big cities, bicycles are widely used because they………
a) can be parked in a small place b)are faster than the other means
c) are less dangerous than cars d)have various speeds
8- Write a paragraph of seven sentences about:
A famous place you would like to visit
9- A)Translate into Arabic:
Due to the enormous progress in the means of communications, the world has become a global society. No country can live in isolation any more. Therefore, all countries must co-operate to solve their problems.
B) Translate into English:
1- يحب السياح عادة زيارة الأماكن التي تختلف عن المكان الذي يعيشون فيه.
2- لا بد من بناء المزيد من الطرق و الفنادق و القرى السياحية لجذب المزيد من السياح.
