UNIT 13
Key Vocab:
ambition الطمُوح include يشمل
meaningless بلا معني / بلا مغزى pour يسكب / يصب
silent صامت announcement إعلان
chat يدردش / يتحدث conductor كمساري / موصل
inform يخبر paramedic مسعف
regret يندم ambitious طمُوح
meaningful ذو مغزى / له معني inclusion تضمين / ضم
silence الصمت
Vocabulary:
prove يثبت / يبرهن proof برهان / دليل
professor أستاذ جامعي lecturer مُحاضر
priority أولوية civil engineer مهندس مدني
have an operation تُجري له عملية (جراحية) contact يتصل بـ
emergency حالة طارئة moral درس أو مغزى من قصة
well-known معروف / مشهور tank خزان
ambulance سيارة إسعاف passenger راكب / مسافر
customers العملاء newsreader قارئ الأخبار
block the road يسد الطريق traffic jam ازدحام حركة المرور
arrival time وقت الوصول departure time وقت المغادرة
politician سياسي therapy علاج
time management إدارة الوقت a golf ball كرة جولف
space فراغ / الفضاء shake (his) head يهز رأسه علامة الرفض
nod يشير برأسه علامة الموافقة mechanic ميكانيكي
edge حافة probably من المحتمل
radio جهاز لاسلكي / راديو costs تكاليف
surgery جراحة / عيادة frequent معتاد / متكرر
rush يندفع keep trying يستمر في المحاولة
eventually في النهاية correction تصحيح
transfer ينقل place = put يضع
definition تعريف accomplish يحقق
ministry وزارة minister وزير
postpone = put off يؤجل cancel يلغي
interrupt يقاطع plumber سباك
optician صانع النظارات jeweller جواهرجي
Words and their antonyms:
front أمام rear = back خلف
meaningful ذو معني meaningless بلا معني
hopeful مفعم بالأمل hopeless يائس / ميئوس منه
ill مريض well بصحة جيدة
include يشمل exclude يستبعد
ambitious طمُوح unambitious غير طموح
silent صامت audible مسموع
understand يفهم misunderstand يسيء فهم
equal متساوي unequal غير متساوي
regretful شاعر بالندم glad سعيد
tired مرهق energetic مليء بالنشاط
busy مشغول free غير مشغول
winner فائز loser خاسر
sufficient كاف insufficient غير كاف
Prepositions:
full of مليء بـ filled with مليء بـ
revise for exams يراجع من أجل الامتحانات arrange for + n. يرتب لـ
arrange to + inf. يرتب لـ phone him on his mobile يتصل به علي تليفونه المحمول
help with a problem يساعد في حل مشكلة instead of بدلا من
call to someone ينادي علي شخص become friends with يصبح صديقا لـ
on the beach علي البلاج phone someone at the hospital يتصل بشخص في المستشفي
half an hour away from علي بعد نصف ساعة من phone for an ambulance يتصل لطلب سيارة إسعاف
ask for يطلب ask about يسأل عن
write to someone يكتب لشخص write about something يكتب عن شيء
cut (himself) off from others يعزل نفسه عن الآخرين move around the room يتحرك في أنحاء الغرفة
break down يتعطل take to يعتاد علي
Irregular Verbs:
seek/sought/sought يسعي إلي sing/sang/sung يغني
send/sent/sent يرسل sleep/slept/slept ينام
shake/shook/shaken يهز/يرج speak/spoke/spoken يتحدث
shoot/shot/shot يطلق النار spell/spelt/spelt
spell/spelled/spelled يتهجي
shrink/shrank/shrunk ينكمش spin//span/spun يدور بسرعة
Derivatives:
verb noun adjective adverb
mean يعني meaning معني meaningfulله معنى
includeيشمل inclusion ضم / اشتمال
ambition الطموح ambitious
silence يُسكت silence سكوت صمت silent صامت silently في صمت
announce
يذيع / يعلن announcement إعلان
announcer
regret يندم regret الندم regrettable مؤسف
informيخبر information معلومات informed موثوق في معلوماته / مطلع
Important Vocabulary for translation and composition:
underground water مياه جوفية slight damage ضرر خفيف
compass بوصلة local time التوقيت المحلي
sound effects مؤثرات صوتية counter attack هجوم مضاد
a campaign against حملة ضد physiotherapy العلاج الطبيعي
crushing defeat هزيمة ساحقة Arab League جامعة الدول العربية
summit conference مؤتمر قمة negotiations مفاوضات
strengthen relations يدعم العلاقات agenda جدول الأعمال
press statement بيان صحفي fight terrorism يحارب الإرهاب
Language Notes
•Compare ..to يُشبه شيء بآخر
• Poets often compare sleep to death.
•Compare ..with يقارن شيء بشيء آخر من نفس النوع
• When we compare our economy with theirs, we'll find that ours is much better.
•Compared to/with بالمقارنة بـ
• This street is quite busy compared to/with ours.
•Announcement – advertisement – commercial
•Announcement إعلان (غالبا بصفة رسمية) عن شيء حدث أو سيحدث
• The boss said that he had an important announcement to make.
•Advertisement إعلان الهدف منه إقناع الناس بشراء منتج أو خدمة معينة
• I often read newspaper advertisements for new cars.
•Commercial إعلان تجاري يُذاع في الراديو أو التليفزيون بين البرامج
• There are often too many commercials between TV programs.
•In what way = How
• In what way is your new house different from the old one?
•لاحظ استخدام حروف الجر مع وسائل المواصلات:
•تستخدم by قبل وسائل المواصلات إذا لم يسبقها شيء:
By car / taxi / train / plane / boat …etc.
• He went to Cairo by bus.
•تستخدم in قبل car / taxi إذا سبقهما شيء:
In (a/his) car in a taxi
• We went to Ali's village in Ahmed's car.
•وتستخدم on قبل باقي وسائل المواصلات إذا سبقها شيء:
On the train on the bus on the plane
• One of the passengers on the train was very ill.
Sayings and their meanings:
•The road to success is not straight. = not everything in is easy life.
•Good friends are hard to find, harder to leave, and impossible to forget. = You don't have many truly good friends in your life, and when you have them they are friends for life
•Some people are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.= Some people cut themselves off from other people and isolate themselves, and for this reason they don't have friends.
•Life is not a race. It's a journey. = Rushing through life won't make you a winner.
•It's not what you do that you should regret, it's what you don't do. = Do and experience as much as you can in your life
•If you do good things in your life, you will be remembered for these things. = People don't forget the good things that other people do
•If you don't succeed, try, try and try again = never give up, keep trying and finally you'll succeed.
•Regret + n • He regretted his mistake.
•Regret + to-inf. يأسف لأته مضطر لعمل شيء
• We regret to tell you that the trip will be cancelled.
•Regret + V+ing يندم على شيء عمله من قبل
• I regret spending all my money on clothes last week.
•Regrettable يؤسف له • His behaviour at the party was very regrettable.
•Regretful نادم • He was regretful when he had to leave his old house.
•Look forward to + V+ing = (be) Looking forward to + V+ing
• I'm looking forward to seeing you.
• I'm looking forward to hearing from you.
• Remind someone to do something / Remind someone of something يذكر شخص بشيء
•I can’t remember her name.يتذكر • Please, remind me to bring my camera.
• He reminded me of my promise. • Remember me to your family. بلغ تحياتي إلى الأسرة
•Come and + inf. أسلوب يستخدم للدعوة • Come and have tea with me.
•Including (حرف جر) بما فيه / وهذا يشمل
• Twenty people were injured in the accident including 3 children.
Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
Choose the correct answer:
1. My (belief – concept – ambition – relation) is to become a surgeon.
2. When he heard the news, he was (willing – silent – noisy – talking). He said nothing.
3. I didn't understand the film on TV last night. It was completely (meaningful –mean – meaningless – thoughtless) to me.
4. He's quite a good player, but his (include – inclusion- closure – illusion) in the national team is a surprise.
5. It's a traditional song, but its message is very modern. Its words are still (meaningless - meaningful- lifeless – hopeless) today.
6. The footballer (regretted – affected – enjoyed – angered) his mistake when the other team scored a goal.
7. The head teacher makes an (advertisement - announcement – advert – accomplishment) when there is something important to know about in the school.
8. The children (supported – complained - chatted – expanded) excitedly when they heard the good news.
9. The teacher (informed – reformed – deformed – exploded) the class that they had all passed the exam.
10.They called a (pacific - paramedic – patriotic – public) when they saw that one of the passengers was ill.
11. I'm not a scientist, so these numbers are (meaningless – meaningful – meaning – mean) . | don't understand them.
12. The book is full of very useful (information – reclamation – distribution – registration).
13. The driver said the accident was very (regretful – readable – reliable - regrettable).
14. The politician said she had an important (adjustment – amazement – announcement – armament).
15. We (detect – regret – enjoy – defect) to tell you that the journey will be delayed.
16. The passengers were (chatting – cheating – checking – stealing), reading or listening to music.
17. A (barometer – thermometer – parasitic – paramedic) is someone who is trained to help people who are ill or injured but is not a doctor or nurse.
18. A/An (department – advertisement – announcement – apartment) is an important official statement about something that has happened or will happen.
19. Could you please (remember – arrange – revise – remind) me of your birthday?
20. She's looking forward to (see – seeing – being seen – saw) the Pyramids.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- An animation is something that you have been wanting to achieve for a long time.
2- He was concluded in the team because he was a good player.
3- She spilled the juice while she was touring it.
4- An accountant is a person who collects fares on a bus or a train.
5- They had a long cheat with her about her job.
.
Conditional If
1) First Conditional:
If + Present simple will / may / can /should / must + inf.
• تستخدم الحالة الأولي في حالة عدم وجود مضارع بسيط و تجد في الجملة أفعال ناقصة مثل may/must / will أو فعل أمر أو or وتدل علي احتمال وقوع الحدث :
• If I earn some money, I'll go abroad.
• If we have enough time, we'll visit Ahmed.
• وقد تعبر هذه الحالة عن موقف ربما يكون حقيقي في المضارع:
• If you are hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
• لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام فعل أمر في الجزء الثاني من الجملة:
• You may see Frank. If so, give him a message for me, please.. (If…)
If you see Frank, give him a message for me , please.
• She may have enough time tomorrow. If so, she will type the reports. (If…)
If she has enough time tomorrow, she will type the reports.
• She must pay the fine or she will go to jail. السجن (If…)
If she doesn't pay the fine, she will go to jail.
• لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام it is + adj. + to + inf. في الجزء الثاني من الجملة:
• If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
• لاحظ صيغة السؤال مع : if
• What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
•يمكن استخدام الكلمات الآتية بدلا من If في الحالة الأولي:
As long as = If
Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if
•You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
• Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
• You can take the money as long as you promise to pay me back next Monday.
2) Second Conditional
If + Past simple would/could/might + inf.
• تعبر الحالة الثانية عن موقف غير محتمل أو شيء مناقض للواقع و تستخدم في حالة وجود مضارع بسيط :
• If I saw a snake, I’d cry.
• I feel so tired. I can’t come out with you. (If…)
If I didn't feel so tired, I'd come out with you.
• He really doesn't like you. . He is so horrible to you. (If…)
If he really liked you, he wouldn't be so horrible to you.
• يمكن أن تعبر الحالة الثانية أحيانا عن شيء مستحيل:
• If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering.
• If I were a bird, I'd fly.
• لاحظ عكس الجملة في الإثبات و النفي:
• He doesn’t pay attention in class, so he gets poor grades. (He wouldn’t…)
He wouldn’t get poor grades if he paid attention in class.
• لاحظ أنه يمكن استخدام was/were مع I/he/she/it:
• If I was/were rich, I’d travel round the world.
• She isn’t a doctor. She can’t write a prescription. (If)
If she was/were a doctor, she could write a prescription.
• في حالة استخدام so أو because بدلا من if تعود الجملة إلي ما كانت عليه قبل استخدام if:
• If he had my telephone number, he could give me a ring. (so/because)
He doesn’t have my telephone number, so he can’t give me a ring.
He can’t give me a ring because he doesn’t have my telephone number.
• عندما تبدأ الجملة بـ were يأتي بعدها : to+inf.
• If he pleased his boss, he would get a rise. (Were..)
Were he to please his boss, he would get a rise.
• وإذا كانت were موجودة أصلا في الجملة تأتي مكان if:
• If I were rich, I would buy a big house.
Were I rich, I would buy a big house.
• بدلا من If في الحالة الثانية نستخدم:
Without
But for + n. / v+ing would + inf.
If it weren’t for
• Without his help, I would fail. (If it…)
If it weren’t for his help, I would fail.
•لاحظ صيغة السؤال
• What would you do if you won a lot of money?
If you won a lot of money, what would you do?
• تستخدم هذه الحالة للتعبير عن النصيحة:
• You should work hard. (If…)
If I were you, I’d work hard.
•لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام التركيب الاتى في الحالة الأولى و الثانية بدلا من If :
Should + فاعل + inf.
• If he trains hard, he will win the race.
Should he train hard, he will win the race.
3) Third Conditional
If + Past perfect (had + PP.) (would/could/might) have + PP.
•تستخدم الحالة الثالثة في حالة وجود جملتين في الماضي البسيط ، مع عكس الجملة في الإثبات والنفي
• He didn’t listen to the news. He didn’t know what happened. (If)
If he had listened to the news, he would have known what happened.
• لاحظ استخدام might في حالة وجود perhaps
• He had no moralsأخلاق. Perhaps that’s why he cheated everyone.
If he had had morals, he might not have cheated everyone.
• الحالة الثالثة تعبر عن مواقف مستحيلة لأنها لم تحدث
• She was stingyبخيل . She didn't give money to charity.
If she hadn’t been stingy, she would have given money to charity.
• يمكن أن تأتي Had بدلا من if :
• If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped. (Had……)
Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
• يمكن أن تأتي if في منتصف الجملة في جميع الحالات:
• He didn’t travel to New York, so he didn’t see the Statue of Liberty. (He would…)
He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York.
• عند استخدام so أو because تعود جملة if إلى أصلها:
• If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her. (because)
He lied to her because he wasn’t honest.
•بدلا من If في الحالة الثالثة نستخدم:
Without
But for + n. / v+ing would have + PP.
If it hadn’t been for
•But for his help, I would have failed. (If it…)
If it hadn’t been for his help, I would have failed.
•لاحظ استخدام in case of بدلا من if
In case of + n. / (v+ing)
• If he arrives tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
In case of his arrival tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
In case of his arriving tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
•لاحظ أن unless تنطبق عليها نفس حالات if
Unless = If…not
• This food tastes bad. There is too much salt in it. (If../ Unless…)
If there wasn't / weren't too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
Unless there was / were too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
Zero Conditional
•If + present simple present simple
•تعبر هذه الحالة عن حقيقة أو عـادة
• If water freezes, it turns into ice.
• If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere.
• If I have time, I usually walk to school.
Choose the correct answer:
1. You shouldn't look at the sun (unless – without – if – in case of) you wear protective glasses.
2. (If – Unless – In case of – Without) you do your job well, you’ll be fired.
3. (If – Unless – But for – Were) you get out in the cold, you’ll catch a flu.
4. If you eat junk food, you (would – would have – might have – will) get ill.
5. (If – Unless – But for – Were) she gets promotion. she won't get more money.
6. If Scientists knew when earthquakes happen, earthquakes (don't cause – will cause – wouldn't cause – wouldn't have caused) a lot of destruction.
7. (Had – If – Should – Unless) I worn my glasses, I wouldn't have had terrible headaches.
8. (If – Unless – Without – Had) I didn't drink too much tea, I would sleep at night.
9. If he hadn't eaten too much sugar, he (wouldn't harm – won't harm – can't harm – wouldn't have harmed) his teeth.
10. As long as you (don't – won't – hadn't – haven't) boil your food, it won't lose vitamins.
11. If it (wasn't – weren't – hadn't been – had been) for the storm, the match wouldn't have been cancelled.
12. He (wouldn't have – would have – would – will have) got lost unless he had had a map.
13. (Provided – As long – Unless – Were) that you pay for my drink, I'll go with you.
14. If he (read – reads – had read – would read) the papers, he would find a lot of job advertisements.
15. If he (had invited – was invited – had been invited – were invited), he would have gone to the party.
16. If I hadn't learnt English, I (would have – wouldn't have – could – might) understood you.
17. If you (work – worked – have worked – had worked) harder, you would get higher marks.
18. If I wanted some advice about revising for an exam, I (ask – would ask – can ask – asked) my teacher.
19. If he hadn't committed that crime, he (would be sent – would have sent – wouldn't have been sent – will be sent) to jail.
20. (Without – If – Unless – Should) his assistance, I might have lost my job.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- If I felt tired, I usually go to bed early.
2- If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the teachers.
3- If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.
4- I'll tell you if I saw anything unusual.
5- If there hadn't been a doctor on the train, the man would die.
6- If his wife hadn't been rich, he doesn't marry her.
7- Unless she makes that phone call, she wouldn't have known about his illness.
8- Unless he arrives early, he will have missed the lecture.
9- If he were a lawyer, he helps me.
10- Had he seen the signal, he wouldn't make that accident.
Test on Unit 13
1- Respond to the following situations:
1- You have just read a magazine story. You understand the story, but you are not sure what its real subject is. What do you say?
2- Your class has read a short story. You are not sure what it shows. What do you ask your teacher?
3- Your friend asks what the film you have just seen together is really about. You think it's about helping people. What do you say?
4- You have to phone a friend's mother and tell her that her child is ill. What do you say?
2- Say where these mini-dialogues are taking place and who the speakers are:
1- A : I understood the instructions for the new video player.
B : I'm sure you would be very pleased as you
use our products.
A : Thanks a lot for your help.
2- A: car hit mine and broke its door.
B : Have you got the number of the car ?
A: Taxi 37645
B : O.K. we'll find the taxi driver
3- Choose the correct answer:
1. We (sorry – regret – disappointed – apologize) to inform passengers that Flight 659 will be an hour late.
2. My (want – announcement – ambition – purpose) is to become a children's doctor.
3. While waiting for the train to leave, the passengers (said – chatted – told – conversation) to each other.
4. If the train (didn't break – doesn't break – hadn't broken – won't break) down, I wouldn't have been late.
5. If you had put the water in the freezer, it (turned – turns – would turn – would have turned) to ice.
6. The (paramedics – engineers – patients – directors) took the injured man into the emergency room.
7. To make tea, you have to (tear – pour – poor – pair) hot water onto tea leaves.
8. Her job (consists – promotes – includes – contains) answering the telephone and writing to new customers.
9. If the tree fell down, it (will block – would have blocked – may block – would block) the road.
10. If there (is – was – had been – has been) an accident, there would be a traffic jam.
11. If there had been a traffic jam, everyone (will be – would be – would have been – was) late for work.
12. Without the rescuers' efforts, many people (died – would have died – have died – are dying).
13. If I (have – had – had had – have had) time, I usually walk to work.
14. If I (am – had been – were – am being) you, I'd help them.
15. (Had – If – Were – Without) he applied for the job, he would have got it.
16. If you don't want to get lost, (would take – would have taken – will take – take) a map with you.
4- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the teachers.
2- I'll tell you if I saw anything unusual.
3- If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.
4- When he heard the news, he was talkative. He said nothing.
5- I didn't understand the lecture. It was completely meaningful to me.
6- The President made an unexpected advertisement this morning.
C- Reading Comprehension
5- Read the passage then answer the questions:
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.
In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing.
Man is constantly destroying the resources which keep him alive. The populations of developed countries have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole. For example, tropical forests are known to be essential to the balance of nature, yet they are being destroyed at an incredible rate to satisfy the needs of richer countries.
In short then, it is everybody's duty to protect the future of mankind - not only through population control, but also by being more aware of the effect his actions have on nature. Nature is both fragile and powerful.
A. Answer the following questions:
1- What size is the world population now?
2- How is man destroying the balance of nature?
3- How can man protect the future of humanity?
B. Choose the correct answer:
4- …………. have a greater impact on the balance of nature.
a)poor countries b)underdeveloped countries
c)rich countries d)developing countries
5- The underlined pronoun "it" in the first paragraph refers to
a)land b)planet c)problem d)population
6- Read the passage then answer the questions:
Television has been changing the way people live for thirty years. It influences nearly every aspect of modern life. Children are greatly affected by television because their minds are growing, developing and learning much faster than those of adults.
Social scientists, teachers and parents are troubled by the kind of television programmes children choose to watch. They are worried about the effects of televised violence on society as well as commercials for sugar-rich food. According to several studies, televised violence may cause children to become more aggressive. Also, because so much violence is seen by children on television, they become more used to it as the only solution to difficult situations. Exposing children to advertisements about products containing a lot of sugar has a bad effect on their health. These food products have a negative influence on their teeth and on proper nutrition.
Most importantly, however, the experts feel television is one factor which causes a drop in math and reading marks among schoolchildren.
A. Answer the following questions:
1. How has television affected children’s behaviour?
2. How has television affected children’s health?
3. What is the best title of this passage?
B. Choose the correct answer:
4. Children who watch a lot of television, in difficult situations will behave (violently – independently – socially – simply).
5. The underlined word “it” refers to (children – television – violence – solution).
8- Write a paragraph of seven sentences about:
"How technology can help to save lives"
You may use the following points:
- Modern equipment in hospitals
- Fast means of transport
- Modern means of communications
9- A)Translate into Arabic:
Today tourism has become a huge business. It is a good source of national income for countries on the Mediterranean coast. Hence, we have to attract more and more tourists to visit Egypt all year round by building more comfortable hotels and making all tourist facilities available.
B) Translate into English:
1- يموت الكثير من الأفارقة بسبب نقص المياه و الطعام وانتشار الأمراض.
2- لقد تحسن الاقتصاد المصري تحسنا كبيرا في الأعوام الأخيرة.
