4 – Exclamation التعجب
1 – حول فعل القول إلى exclaimed مضافا إليها بعض العبارات لتوضيح المعنى مثل : أسف with sorrow - فرح with joy - دهشة with surprise - ندم with regret - غضبwith anger - إعجاب with admiration
2 – اتبع نفس خطوات التحويل السابقة ذكرها في الجملة الخبرية
* The tourist said “ what a great pyramid!”
The tourist exclaimed with admiration that the pyramid is very great
* The boys said “ hurrah! We have won the match”.
The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match
* He shouted “ what a mistake I have made”.
He exclaimed with regret that he had made a mistake
* The merchant said “ Alas I have lost all my wealth.”
The merchant exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost all his wealth.
لاحظ أن الكلمات الآتية الدالة على التعجب تحذف عند التحويل
يا خسارة ، واأسفاه Alas , وافرحتاه Hurrah How, Oh, What,
* Do as shown in brackets :
1- “I’ll for yet the money if I marry your daughter “. Pedro said to him.
( Reported speech )
2- He told me he speaks English . ( Begin : “He said ….” ) .
3- He said to her, “ would you like to visit me at seven?”
( Reported speech )
4- She said to him just now , “ I haven’t replied to this letter .”
( Reported speech )
5- He said just now , “ I’m going to buy a new car”
( Indirect )
6- “ Shall we wait till the others come ? “
( Begin with , She wanted to know …….. )
7- “ Eat up your dinner at once or I’ll punish you . ( Reported )
GENERAL EXERCISES ON REPORTED SPEECH
Do as shown in brackets :
1. He said to her , “ you haven’t got much time”.
( Begin with : He told her …… )
2. Yesterday he said to her , “ You haven’t got much time”.
( Change into Reported speech )
3. Mother always says she is tired.
( Give the actual words )
4. My friends think car is newer than mine .
( What do they actually say ?)
5. I went to the cinema with my uncle .
( Begin with : He said that ……..)
6. “ Will this medicine cure they baby’s spots ?”
( Rewrite beginning with : I want to know ……)
7. “ Shall we have time to finish ?”( Begin with : They wondered …….)
8. Shall we wait till the others come ? ( Begin with : They wanted to know ……..)
9. He said to his friend, “ Would you like to go to the club with me?”
( change into reported speech )
10. “ Why didn’t you watch last night’s film on television “ I said to him .
( Begin with : I asked him ……….)
11. His mother said to him, “ Have you eaten all your food?“
( Begin with : His mother asked him ……….)
12. The inspector asked him if he always caught such an early train.
(Begin with : The inspector said to him ………..)
13. She said to her friend , “ Make haste . don’t forget your bag “
(Begin with : She asked her friend ……….)
14. He said to me . “ I can’t do it now , but I’ll finish it tomorrow “
( Begin with : He told me …………)
15. “ Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theater ? “ said Ahmed .
( Begin with : Ahmed suggested ………..)
16. “ Where will you be tomorrow in case I had to ring you ? “ I said
( Begin with : I asked …………..)
17. “ Shall I ever see hem again ? “ she said .
( Begin with : She wondered ………….)
18. “ Would you mind getting out of the car ? said the driver . I have to change a wheel”. ( Begin with : The driver asked me ……..)
19. “I’ve run out of petrol”, said the man “could you possibly give me a lift to the next village ?” ( Begin with : The man said ………)
20. “ Shall we go for a walk “ said Ali .
( Begin with : Ali suggested …………)
21. “Would you like a cigarette ? “ said he .
( Begin with : He offered ………..)
22. “ Can he wait a few minutes longer ? “ I said .
( Begin with : I wonder …………)
23. “ Where did you fined the bag you lost yesterday ? “
( Begin with : He asked her ……….)
24. “Could I see your driving license ? “ said the policeman .
( Begin with : The policeman asked ………..)
II. Change into direct speech :
1. The inspector asked the man if he always caught such an early train .
2. I asked her why she had been absent the day before .
3. He advised me to work harder and not to waste my time .
4. He wanted to know if had taken my breakfast and when I was going to leave .
5. She asked her friend when she was going to get married .
6. The police officer asked me whether I had seen the thief .
7. He offered me a cup of tea .
8. He suggested going a head and getting the tickets .
9. She told me to look where I was going as the road was full of holes and very badly lit .
10. He begged his father to forgive his mistake and promised not to make it again .
11. My friend told me to think well before I answered .
12. She asked me why I was pleased with that small modern house.
13. The father asked his son not to forget to post the letter .
14. He asked me to lend him my camera .
III. Choose the correct answer from those given in brackets.
1. She said that she never (work , worked , has worked , would work ) on Sundays .
2. Sami said that he (has finished , finished , finishing , had finished ) then .
3. Ali (suggested , told , asked , said ) if father would arrive the next day.
4. Tom asked Sam (if he has, why he had, why he has, why had he) been late.
5. My father (asked, insisted, said, told) me to work hard to succeed.
6. He asked me if I ( know , knew , known , knows ) what was inside the package .
7. I told him that the weather ( was , would be , had been , is ) fine the next day .
8. They said that they were tired and ( need , needed , ask , asked ) some rest .
9. He warned me that if I (went , go , had gone , would go ) to swim I would be drowned .
10. She asked me if I ( will help , to help , helped , help ) her .
11. She ( wanted , asked , exclaimed , ordered ) that her dress was fine .
12. He asked me ( not to use , if I didn’t use , did not use , if I had used ) that new car , and said I hadn’t .
13. Our leader says that we ( have to be , had to be , had been , have been ) well prepared .
14. He told me ( that I put , to put , will put , should put ) it on the table .
15. He advised me (to speak , not speak, speak no , not speaking ) until I was spoken to .
16. They ( asked , advised , claimed , ordered ) her to sing a song .
17. The doctor told him (that take , took , to take , taking ) rest .
18. The teacher (asked , advised , begged , told ) me to clean the blackboard.
19. I told her ( not to drop it , to drop it , dropped it , shouldn’t drop it ) or it would break .
20. He advised me to work hard otherwise I ( to fail , failed , would fail , can fail) .
21. When he entered the room the boss asked him (to come here , to come in , to go there , went there ) .
22. The patient asked (if he looks, what he looked, if he looked , how he looked ) all right .
23. I asked him where (he would be, would he be, was he , he is ) the following day .
24. He asked the tourist when she (will , would , would have , must) come again .
PREPOSTIONS
1 a) At, In, Off ( showing place, position ) تبين الموقع أو المكان
b) In, With ( describing people and their possessions )
تصف الناس وممتلكاتهم
(a) *At is used with address ( number or name of a house, etc. ) or to indicate a certain point.
تستخدم at مع عنوان ( رقم أو اسم المنزل ) أو لتبين موقعا معينا
He lives at 28, Shoubra Street.
A large crowd was waiting at the bus-stop.
* In indicates an enclosed space تبين موقعا محدودا
There were a lot of people in the street.
I would like to live in a warm country.
He lives in Berlin.
Note
In or at may be used with the same noun, but there is a slight difference in meaning.
قد تستخدم in أو at مع نفس الاسم ولكن هناك اختلاف في المعنى.
At means inside, just outside or just beside.
( i.e. the exact position is not clear.) ( الموقع الدقيق غير واضح )
In means inside only.
Compare:
(We are not sure whether I’ll see you at hotel.
This means at the entrance, just outside or inside the hotel ) .
I’ll see you in the hotel. (Here, We know we must go inside the hotel ).
* Off indicates separation and is, generally speaking the opposite of on. عن الانفصال ) off تعبر )
( The lid was on the jar.) The lid came off easily.
( You have your coat on ). Take your coat off.
b) * In is also used to describe what someone is wearing.
تستخدم in أيضا لتصف ما يلبسه شخص.
She was (dressed) in blue jeans.
* With indicates something that is a part of or accompanying a person or thing.
تدل with عن شىء هو جزء أو مصاحب لشخص أو شىء
The man with long hair is a poet.
The woman with the brown handbag is my mother.
2 Prepositions used with certain phrases to express time .
حروف جر تستخدم مع عبارات معينة لتعبر عن الزمن
• At is used to show :
a) a point of time . وقت محدد
at 2 o’clock ; at sunset ; at night ; at tea-time ; at any time : at any moment .
b) age. العمر أو السن
at ( the age of ) twenty .
• In is used :
a) before months. قبل الشهور
in January / February / etc.
b) before years. قبل السنين
in 1952 ; in the year 1973.
c) before seasons . قبل الفصول
in (the) winter / summer / etc.
d) before a period of the day . قبل فترة من اليوم
in the morning / evening . ( but at night )
• On is used :
a) with days مع الأيام on Friday / Saturday / etc.
on the first day of the month .
b) with dates : مع التاريخ on 20th May , etc.
c) in phrases such as : on that winter morning ; on a summer afternoon .
• from……till (until) : for “a period of time”
He stayed with me from 6 till 8 .
• during
a) throughout طول : during the night .
b) at a point of time within a period . أثناء
He spoke twice during the meeting .
* until / till : حتى . إلى أن up to that time .
He will not arrive until 10 o’clock .
Preposition indicating Direction:
حروف الجر التى تدل على أو تشير إلى الجهة أو الاتجاه
To : in the direction of (a place).
He flew to Washington last night.
From : indicates movement away ( from a place ) من
He returned from Paris last week .
Into : indicates motion or direction to a point within إلى الداخل
She has just gone into the kitchen .
Out of : ( a place ) outside of إلى الخارج
I threw the piece of paper out of the window .
For : is used with certain verbs like set out , leave , sail
To indicate the destination المكان المقصود of a journey .
We set out for the village early next morning .
Towards : indicates direction approaching (a place)
تدل على وجهة للاقتراب (من مكان )
She swam towards the shore .
At : indicating direction .
He looked at me .
Note : at used with certain verbs suggests توحى
“aggressiveness” عدوان or rudeness وقاحة
He threw a stone at the dog .(in order to hit the dog)
It’s rude من الوقاحة to point at people .
Verbs followed by prepositions :
OF ( of أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يؤكد:
يشكو من:
يشفى من :
يتوقع:
يستشم منه:
متعب من : assure
complain
cure
expect
smell
tired يوافق:
يفتخر بـ:
يقنع بـ:
يحلم:
يتخلص:
يتأمل في: approve
boast
convince
dream
get rid
think يتهم :
يحذر:
يتكون من :
ييأس من:
يسمع عن :
يشتبه في : accuse
beware
consist
despair
hear
suspect
FROM ( from أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يطلب من :
يهرب:
يمنع:
يتلقى من :
يفصل عن: demand
escape
prevent
receive
separate يقي من :
يطرد:
يعيق :
يقي أو يحمي:
defend
dismiss
hinder
protect
يقترض:
يختلف عن :
يعفى من :
يعاني من: borrow
differ
excuse
suffer
IN ( in أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يعمل في:
خبرة في:
يتضمن:
يهتم بـ:
يساهم(يشارك) في: employ (ed )
experience (d)
include
interest (ed)
share يفرح بـ:
ينهمك:
يساعد:
يعلم:
يصر على: delight
engage(d)
help
instruct
persist يؤمن بـ:
يشجع:
يفشل في :
ينغمس في : believe
encourage
fail
indulge
ON (on أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يزور شخصاً
يركز
يهنئ بـ:
يصمم على:
يقتات بـ:
يجري عملية على : call
concentrate
congratulate
decide
live
operate يبني على :
يعلق على:
يقتصد:
يصر على:
يتكئ على:
يعتمد على: base(d)
comment
economize
insist
lean
rely يعمل وفق:
يستشير:
يعتمد على:
يقوم بتجربة على:
يعزف على:
يكتب عن : act
consult
depend
experiment
perform
write
To ( to أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
ينطبق على:
يشبه أو يقارن:
يعني بـ:
يتحدى، يعترض على:
يعترف لـ:
يصغي:
يهتم بـ:
يستسلم: apply
compare
attend
challenge
confess
listen
see(to)
yield يعتاد على :
ينتمي إلى :
يحكم على:
يوافق:
يشير:
يحول:
يفضل على(عن):
يستسلم: accustom
belong
condemn
consent
mention
convert
prefer
surrender
AT (at أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يندهش:
يقرع على:
يصيح:
ينظر إلى:
يدهش: astonish
knock
exclaim stare
look
surprised يصل إلى:
يلمح:
يصدم:
يعمل arrive
glance
shocked
work يضحك من :
يخمن :
يشير :
يعجب: amuse(d)
guess
point
wonder
FOR (for أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يعتذر:
يعلل:
يلوم:
يقايض:
يخزن:
ينهض بأعباء كذا:
يصوت (لصالح): apologize
account
blame
exchange
mourn
provide
vote يقوم (مقام):
يعرج على شخص ليذهب معه:
يبحث عن:
يتهم:
يجهز:
يشكر: act
call
look
charge
prepare
thank يطلب:
يلتمس:
يأمل:
يدفع الثمن:
يحسبه شخصاً أو شيئاً آخر:
ينتظر
يبحث: ask
beg
hope
pay
mistake
wait
search
WITH ( with أفعال يليها حرف الجر )
يتصل:
يتنافس مع:
ينهي بـ:
يساعد:
يشغل بـ:
يتشاجر مع:
يرضى: communicate
compete
finish
help
occupy
quarrel
satisfy يبدأ:
يخلط بين:
يكون على مستوى كذا:
يتوافق:
يخلط بـ:
يسر
يجادل: begin
confuse
cope
correspond
mix
pleased
reason يتفق:
يقارن بـ:
يتباين :
يشمئز:
يتدخل في :
يتخلى عن : agree
compare
contrast
disgust
interfere
part
Adjectives followed by prepositions:
صفات تتبعها حروف جر
for , with , of , at , from , in , on , and about
For
Eager شغوف enough كافي sufficient, كاف famous, مشهور fit لائق grateful, شاكر qualified, مؤهل ready مستعد responsible مسئول عن sorry آسف thankful شاكر
With
Angry ( with someone) غاضب من busy مشغول content قانع ، مسرور familiar معتاد على patient صبور popular محبوب
Of
Afraid خائف ahead إلى الأمام aware عارف بـ capable نادر careful حريص certain متأكد conscious دار بـ envious حسود
Fond مغرم guilty مذنب ignorant جاهل independent مستقل
jealous غيور North/south /east / west إلى الشمال / الجنوب/ الشرق/ الغرب من short of يعوزه shy خجول sure أكيد worthy جدير بـ
TO
Close قريب من contrary على عكس cruel قاس dear عزيز equal مساو faithful مخلص fatal مميت harmful ضار indifferent غير مكترث inferior أدنى مرتبة liable عرضة لكذا obedient مطيع obvious واضح polite مؤدب previous سابق rude وقح sensitive حساس similar مشابه useful نافع grateful شاكر
AT
Bad رديء clever ماهر efficient كفء expert خبير good جيد indignant ساخط quick سريع sad حزين slow بطيء
FROM
Away from بعيدا عن different from مختلف عن far from بعيدا عن save from في مأمن من
IN
Fortunate سعيد الحظ honest أمين weak ضعيف
ON
Dependent متوقف على intent منصب على keen جاد
ABOUT
Curious فضولي doubtful مرتاب enthusiastic متحمس
Reluctant كاره ل right على صواب uneasy قلق
REVISION EXERCISE ON PREPOSITION
(A) Choose the correct preposition between brackets:
1. He accused the man (for- of- by) theft .
2. I am accustomed (with – by – to) hot weather.
3. The girl is afraid (from – of- by ) the dog .
4. He aimed ( on – against – at ) the bird.
5. The teacher was angry ( against – with – at ) him .
6. He was angry ( at – with – from ) the weather .
7. They are anxious قلق (for- about- with) his health .
8. Parents are anxious يتلهف ( for – about – with ) the children’s success .
9. We arrived (to – at – in ) the village at night .
10. He is now ashamed (from – with – of ) his conduct .
11. People must not believe ( of - to – in ) ghosts .
12. She has boasted تفاخر (for – with – of) her riches .
13. He is very careful (with – in – of ) her riches .
14. He came (with – for – by) train .
15. Many people complain (by – for – of) the heat.
16. I have great confidence (in – to – for) him .
17. I congratulate you (for – with – on) your success .
18. A year consists (from – by – of) twelve months .
19. The mountains are covered (by – with – of) snow .
20. The man was cured (from – of – against) his illness .
21. The man depended (from – of – on) himself .
22. Many people have died (from – with – of) malaria .
23. I was disappointed (from – by – in) his work .
24. My book is different (than – to – from) yours .
25. I divided the cake (to – in – into) four parts .
26. I have no doubt (for – of – in) his ability .
27. The woman was dressed (with – in – by) black .
28. This is an exception ( of – from – to ) the rule.
29. He failed ( from – with – in ) geography last year.
30. The jar was full ( from – of – with ) oil.
31. I shall be glad to get rid ( for – from – of ) him.
32. I am glad ( of – from – with ) the news.
33. My brother is good( in – for – at ) history.
34. He is ( week in- at – with ) grammar.
35. He always insists ( about – for – on ) his opinion.
36. She is not interested ( for – with – in ) her work.
37. He is very jealous ( from – of – with ) his brother.
38. They are leaving ( to – for – towards) England.
39. He lives ( on – from- by ) his brother’s money.
40. Look ( to – for – at ) this beautiful picture.
41. She was married ( with - to – by ) a rich man.
42. Their house is opposite ( with – from – to ) ours.
43. He plays ( with – by – for ) that team.
44. The teacher is pleased ( by – with – from ) me.
45. They are pleased ( at – for – about ) what she said.
46. I prefer a blue pen ( from – to – for ) a red one.
47. He is very proud ( with – from – of ) his father.
48. Are you satisfied ( by – from – with ) your marks?
49. The teacher often sits ( on - at – by ) his disk.
50. I hope he will succeed ( at – in – by ) his work.
51. I am sure ( of – by – for ) his honesty.
52. We were surprised ( for – with – at ) his failure.
53. Th boys are tired ( by – from – of ) boiled eggs.
54. He translated the passage ( to – into – with ) Arabic.
55. I have written the letter ( by – in – with ) ink.
56. He prevented me ( to form- by ) going to the cinema.
57. He always thinks ( in- of – by ) going to England.
58. He had no difficulty ( at – for – in ) doing it.
WORD ORDER
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time/ subject / verb / object or complement / manner / place / time
- He read the letter quickly in his office before lunch.
- The Nile runs through Egypt.
